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"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST). - THE ALCHEMIST'S DREAM FULFILLED, THE CHANGE OF ONE ELEMENT INTO ANOTHER.
Reference : 46915
(1919)
Collision of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. (4 Parts). I. Hydrogen. II. Velocity of the Hydrogen Atom. III. Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen. - [SPLITTING THE ATOM PMM 411.]
London, Taylor and Francis, 1919. Recent full cloth. Titlelabel in leather on spine with gilt lettering. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"" Sixth Series, Vol. XXXVII. Pp. VIII,616 pp. a. 6 plates. A stamp to top of p. 537. Rutherford's paper: pp. 537-587.
First appearance of this seminal paper which contains Rutherford's discovery of artificial transmutation. He here discovered, that the atomic nucleus (discovered by him in 1911) itself had a structure, when, by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, he produced THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL TRANSFORMATION OF AN ELEMENT INTO ANOTHER, and what was left after the bombardment had to be those of oxygen atoms. - Thus thus began the age of nuclear physics.""Rutherford was .. the first man ever to change one element into another as a result of the manipulations of his own hands. He had achieved the dream of the alchemists. He had also demonstrated the first man-made ""nuclear reaction"". By 1924 Rutherford had managed to knock protons out of the nuclei of most of the lighter elements."" (Asimov).""A few years before, Marsden had noticed scintillations on a screen placed far beyond the range of alpha particles when these particles were allowed to bombard hydrogen. Rutherford repeated the experiment and showed that the scintillations were caused by hydrogen nuclei or protons. This was easily understood, but when he substituted nitrogen for the hydrogen, he saw the same proton flashes. The explanation he gave in 1919 stands beside the transformation theory of radioactivity and the nuclear atom as one of Rutherford’s most important discoveries. This, he said, was a case of artificial disintegration of an element. Unstable, or radioactive, atoms disintegrated spontaneously"" but here a stable nucleus was disrupted by the alpha particle, and a proton was one of the pieces broken off."" (DSB).PMM: 411.
"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST). - THE SATURNIAN MODEL OF THE ATOM.
Reference : 45087
(1904)
Zur Kenntnis der Atomenergie, eine Beziehung zwischen kinetischer Theorie und Radioaktivität.
(Leipzig, S. Hirzel), 1904. Without wrappers. In: ""Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik"", 1. Bd., heft 2. Pp. 103-214 (entire issue offered). Rutherford's paper: pp. 103-127
First appearance of the paper in which Rutherford set forth his early - before 1911-model - model of the atom, the so-calles Saturnian Model. Rutherford pictured here the radioactive atom as a giant whirligig of electrons and alpha-particles, whose stability is somewhat disturbed, perhaps as a result uncompensated radiation losses, precipitating the expulsion of some of its constituents with the tremendous speeds they possessed befiore the explosion.
Collision of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. I: Hydrogen II: Velocity of the Hydrogen Atom III: Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms IV: An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen. [Complete set]. - [PMM 411 - SPLITTING THE ATOM]
London, Francis and Taylor, 1919. 8to. (210x130mm). Pages 537-87 of volume 37 of 'The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, and Journal of Science'. Bound together (with title page and contents) in recent attractive marbled boards (Hanne Jensen). Leather title with gilt lettering on front board. A fine and clean copy.
First printing of the first announcement of artificial transmutation and the discovery of the proton. By bombarding Nitrogen atoms with alpha particles Rutherford produced Hydrogen nucleus and Oxygen 17 - the first man made nuclear reaction. PMM 411, Norman 1873.
Radio-Activity. - [""THE FIRST TEXTBOOK ON RADIOACTIVITY""]
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1904. 8vo. In the original green full coth with gilt lettering to spine and boards. Capitals with slight wear, and inner front hinge a bit weak, otherwise a very nice and fresh copy. Small stamp to title-page. VIII, (2), 399 pp.
![Radio-Activity. - [""THE FIRST TEXTBOOK ON RADIOACTIVITY""]. "RUTHERFORD, ERNEST](https://static.livre-rare-book.com/pictures/LLX/51063_1_thumb.jpg)
First edition of Rutherford's important work containing his ""proposal of a new theory of atomic disintegration and of the nuclear nature of the atom"", (Horblit 91) being ""the first textbook on the subject and recognized as a classic at its publication in 1904"" (DSB).""The first textbook on radioactivity, surveying contemporary knowledge of the entire field. Reasearch progressed so rapidly in this erea that the second edition, published only a year later, had to be enlarged by fifity percent. The book includes a discussion of Rutherford's revolutionary transformation theory, developed during the period 1902-1903, which states that radioactivity is a by-product of the transmutation of one element into another."" (Norman).""After the discovery of thorium emanations in 1900 new concepts of atomic structure followed from the brilliant experiments of Rutherford. A new theory of atomic disintegration was proposed, then the nuclear nature of the atom. ""(Dibner ""Heralds of Science"", No 51) Horblit 91Barchas 1840.Dibner 51.
Scattering of alpha Particles by Gases (In collaboration with J.M. Nuttall). (+) The Analysis of the beta Rays from Radium B and Radium C. (In collaboration with H. Robinson). 2 Papers.
London, 1913. Without wrappers, but stitched. In ""Philosophical Magazine and Journalof Science"", Vol. 26, No. 154. Oct. 1913. Pp. 549-800 and 2 plates (the whole issue No. 154). Rutherford's papers: pp. 702-712 a. pp. 717-729 and 1 folded plate.
Both papers first editions. Basic works on the spectra of alfa and beta particles constituting an experimental proof of Rutherford's atomic nucleus theory.In this issue is also found importent papers by J.J. Thomson: On the Structure of the atom.. Pp. 792-799 and Rayleigh: On the Motion of a Viscous Fluid. Pp. 776-86.
Über die Kernstruktur der Atome. Baker-Vorlesung. (Erschienen in den Proceedings of the Royal Society, A., 97). Autorisierte Übersetzung von Else Norst.
Leipzig, S. Hirzel, 1921. Cont. hcalf. Titlelabel gilt on back. Small stamp on title. (4),35 pp.
First German edition and the first edition in book-form, as this Bakerian lecture was published in the Proceedings 1920. In this work Rutherford not only considered the neutron as a possibility, but he furthermore predicted its likely properties (""the idea of the possible existence of an atom of mass one, which has a zero nuclear charge"").
"RUTHERFORD, ERNEST. - THE NATURE OF X-RAYS FINALLY SETTLED.
Reference : 41565
(1914)
The Wave-lenght of the soft gamma Rays from Radium B (In collaboration with E.N. da C. Andrade).
London, 1914. Without wrappers, but stitched. In ""Philosophical Magazine and Journalof Science"", Vol. 27, No. 161. May 1914. Pp. 757-916 a. 6 plates.(= the whole issue No 161). Rutherford's paper: pp. 854-860 a. 1 plate.
First edition, finally establishing the nature of Röntgen's X-Rays.In 1900 ""Villardhad discovered gamma gamma-rays. He noted at once that these rays are not deflected by magnetic fields. Two years later Rutherford suggested that gamma-rays might be very hard form of beta-rays. This view became less and less tenable...(and) slowly the evidence grew that gamma-rays and X-rays were akin, but a lately as 1912 Rutherford still wrote with a touch of caution: ""There is at present nodefinite evidence to belive that X-rays and gamma-rays are funamentally different kindsof radiation"". he matter was finally settled fourteent years after the first observatiob of gamma-radioactivity, when Rutherford and Andrade observed reflexion of gamma-rays from crystal force (in the paper offered here)."" (Pais. Inward Bound p. 62.).The issue contains further importent papers in first editions. W.H. BRAGG. The Intensity of Reflexion of X Rays by Crystals. Pp. 881-99. This is an account of his famous work on X-ray spectroscopy.E. MARSDEN: The Passage of alpha Particles through Hydrogen. Pp. 824-830. Here he discovered that when alpha-particles were projected into hydrogen, so that the heavy projectiles struck lighter atoms, a few of the hydrogen atoms were driven forward far beyond the range of the alpha particles.J.J.THOMSON: The Forces between Atoms and Chemical Affinity. Pp. 757-789.
"RUTHERFORD, ERNST. - THE MAGNETIC DETECTOR INVENTED - WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY MADE POSSIBLE.
Reference : 42381
(1897)
The Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves and some of its Applications. Communicated by J.J. Thomson. Received June 11, - Read June 18, 1896.
(London, Harrison and Sons, 1897). 4to. No wrappers as extracted from ""Philosophical Transactions"" Year 1897, Vol. 189 - A. Pp. 1-24., texfigs.
First appearance of this importent paper, the first paper by Rutherford published in England, in which he describes his invention of the ""Magnetic detector"" before Marconi made use of it in his wireless telegraphy across the Atlantic in 1901.On his arrival at Cambridge (in 1895) his talents were quickly recognized by Professor Thomson. During his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory, he invented the detector for electromagnetic waves, an essential feature being an ingenious magnetizing coil containing tiny bundles of magnetized iron wire. The detector made it possible to send wireless signals.
Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Linienspectren I-III + IV (2 papers).
Leipzig, Barth, 1893-94 Both in orig. printed yellow wrappers. 2 Offprints from Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Neue Folge. Band 50. and Band 52. Separat-Abdrucke. Ueberreicht vom Verfasser. pp. (625-)638 + (119-)131. Clean and fine.
First printing of these main papers in spectroscopy of the elements, where Rydberg predicts lines of definite wave-lenghts in the spectrum of one or the other element.
Sur la constitution des spectres linéaires des éléments chimiques.
(Paris, Gauthier-Villars), 1890. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de L'Academie des Sciences"", Tome 110, No 8. Pp. (369-) 428. (Entire issue offered). Rydberg's paper: pp. 394-97.
In this paper Rydberg announced his formula, later termed ""Rydberg's Constant - the paper being a shortened version of the larger paper, published at the same time in Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlinger with the title ""Recherches sur la constitution des spectres d’émission des éléments chimiques"" - in which he stated as a fundamental principle that ""in the spectra of all the elements analyzed and so far thjere are series of rays whose wavelenghts or wave numbers are functions of consecutive integral numbers"". The equation became an importent inspiration for the development of quantum theory and for the formulation of quantum states by Niels Bohr. Bohr’s view provided an immediate interpretation of the combination principle by identifying each Rydberg spectral term multiplied by hc (Planck’s constant times the speed of light) with the energy of an allowable stationary state of the atom. The difference between two such states equaled the energy in the light quantum emitted in the transition from a higher allowable atomic-energy state to a lower one.""His major spectral work, ""Recherches sur la constitution des spectres d’émission des éléments chimiques"", published in 1890, mapped out Rydberg’s total approach with remarkable clarity. He conceived of the spectrum of an element as composed of the superposition of three different types of series - one in which the lines were comparatively sharp, one in which the lines were more diffuse, and a third that he called principal series even though they consisted mostly of lines in the ultraviolet. The first lines were located in the visible spectrum and were usually the most intense. The members of each series might be single, double, triple, or of higher multiplicity. Any particular elementary spectrum might contain any number (even zero) of series of each of the basic types.""(DSB).
"RYDBERG, J.R. (JOHANNES ROBERT). - REVISION OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM.
Reference : 50386
(1906)
Elektron der erste Grundstoff.
Lund, Håkan Olssons Buckdruckerei, 1906. Lex8vo. Orig. printed wrappers. One of Rydberg's own copies with ""Ueberreicht vom Verfasser"" printed on frontwrapper. 30 pp., 2 large folded tables (the periodic system).
First edition of important revison of the periodic system in one the author's presentation copies (""Ueberreicht vom verfasser).""Rydberg’s study of the periodic properties of the elements led him in 1897 to suggest that certain characteristics of the elements could be more simply organized by using an atomic number instead of the atomic weights. This atomic number was to be identified with the ordinal index of the element in the periodic table. In 1906 Rydberg stated for the first time (the paper offered) that 2, 8, and 18 (that is, 2n2, where n= 1,2,3) represented the number of elements in the early periods of the system. In 1913 he went further, correcting an earlier error about the number of rare earths from 36 to 32, thus allowing the n = 4 group to be included in the pattern."" (DSB).
"RYDBERG, J.R. (JOHANNES ROBERT). - REVISION OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM.
Reference : 50387
(1906)
Elektron der erste Grundstoff.
Lund, Håkan Olssons Buckdruckerei, 1906. Lex8vo. Orig. printed wrappers. Some small nicks to edges of wrappers. 30 pp., 2 large folded tables (the periodic system).
First edition of Rydberg's important revison of the periodic system. ""Rydberg’s study of the periodic properties of the elements led him in 1897 to suggest that certain characteristics of the elements could be more simply organized by using an atomic number instead of the atomic weights. This atomic number was to be identified with the ordinal index of the element in the periodic table. In 1906 Rydberg stated for the first time (the paper offered) that 2, 8, and 18 (that is, 2n2, where n= 1,2,3) represented the number of elements in the early periods of the system. In 1913 he went further, correcting an earlier error about the number of rare earths from 36 to 32, thus allowing the n = 4 group to be included in the pattern."" (DSB).
Dynamique des fluides. Un cours de base du deuxième cycle universitaire. 2e édition revue et augmentée.
Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques Romandes, 1991, in 8° relié pleine toile rouge de l'éditeur, jaquette illustrée, XXII-450 pages.
Complet du tableau dépliant. PHOTOS sur DEMANDE. ...................... Photos sur demande ..........................
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Dynamique des fluides. Un cours de base du deuxième cycle universitaire. Deuxième édition, revue et augmentée.
Lausanne, Presses Polytechniques Romandes 1991, 245x165mm, XXII - 450pages, reliure d'éditeur sous jaquette. Nom du possesseur sur le haut de la page de garde supérieure, autrement bel exemplaire.
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Experiences pour scavoir si le Papier & quelques autres corps sont capables d'arrêter l'Air & l'Eau" & si quand ils arrêtent l'un de ces liquides ils arrêtent l'autre.
(Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1717). 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1714"". Pp. 55-64.
First printing.""Réamur was among the greatest naturalists of his or any age. In the breadth and range of his researches, in the patient detail of his observations, and in the brilliant ingenuity of his experiments, it would be difficult to name his equal. Thomas Henry Huxley has compared him favorably with Darwin.""(DSB XI, p. 331).
"RÉAUMUR, (RENÉ-ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE). - THE RÉAUMUR TEMPERATURE SCALE.
Reference : 46579
(1732)
Regles pour construire des Thermometres dont les Degres soient comparables, et qui donnent des idées d'un Chaud ou d'un Froid qui puissant être rapportés à desmsures connües.
Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1732. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1730"". Pp. 452-507 a. 1 folded engraved plate. With titlepage to Année 1730/1732. Titlepage with small tears to margins. Clean and fine.
First appearance of this importent paper in which Reaumur reveled how he constructed his invention of the thermometer scale, the scale which bears his name. The construction of the thermometer was based on alchohol, and the scaling bases on 0 degree for the freezing point of water and 80 degree for the boiling point of water.""The one serious drawback to Réaumur’s thermometer was that different strengths of alcohol have different coefficients of dilation, so that while one type of alcohol might expand one degree after the application of a certain amount of heat, another might expand two degrees under the same conditions. It was vital that all thermometers scaled according to his system have the same grade of alcohol. Réaumur suggested that the alcohol used in his thermometers be of a type that would dilate 80 degrees - that is, 8 parts in 100 - between the temperature of ice and the temperature at which the alcohol began to boil in an open thermometer tube. Owing to an unfortunate confusion of language in his article on the thermometer, however, nearly everyone believed that 80° on his scale was the temperature of boiling water"" and as a result, when so-called Reaumer thermometers began to be made by the artisans of Paris, they were nearly all scaled linearly with respect to two fiducial points, 0° for ice and 80° for boiling water."" (DSB).Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1730 P.
"RÉAUMUR, (RENÉ-ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE). - THE RÉAUMUR TEMPERATURE SCALE INVENTED.
Reference : 51376
(1732)
Regles pour construire des Thermometres dont les Degres soient comparables, et qui donnent des idées d'un Chaud ou d'un Froid qui puissant être rapportés à desmsures connües. (+) Second Mémoire sur la Construction... (2 Papers).
Paris, L'Imprimerie Royale, 1732 a. 1733. 4to. Without wrappers. Extracted from ""Mémoires de l'Academie des Sciences. Année 1730 and 1731"". Pp. 452-507 a. pp. 250-296 and 1 folded engraved plate. With engraved frontispiece and titlepage to Année 1730/1732. Clean and fine.
First appearance of these importent paper in which Reaumur reveled how he constructed his invention of the thermometer scale, the scale which bears his name. The construction of the thermometer was based on alchohol, and the scaling bases on 0 degree for the freezing point of water and 80 degree for the boiling point of water.Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"" 1730.
On a New Kind of Rays. - [THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS]
London, Macmillan and Co., 1895-96. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half calf with five raised bands and two black leather title labels with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Nature"", November - April, 1895-96, Vol. LIII [53]. Pp. 274-6. [Entire volume: XL, 624 pp.].
First printing of the English translation (translated by Arthur Stanton) of Göntgen's seminal paper in which he presented his groundbreaking discovery of X-rays"" the foundation of roentgenology and thereby unveiling a new form of matter and offering a new revolutionary method for medical diagnosis.""Translations of Rontgen's paper soon started to appear, beginning with an English translation in Nature on 23 January. By 20 Febrary Nature was commenting that ""so numerous are the communications being made to scientific societies that it is difficult to keep pace with them, and the limits of our space would be exceeded if we attempted to describe the whole of the contributions to the subject, even at this early stage."" (Bakker, p. 319)""Their [X-rays] importance in surgery, medicine and metallurgy is well known. Incomparable the most important aspect of Röntgen's experiments, however, is his discovery of matter in a new form, which has completely revolutionized the study of chemistry and physics. Laue and the Braggs have used X-rays to show us the atomic structure of crystals. Moseley has reconstructed the periodic table of the elements. Becquerel was directly inspired by Röntgen's results to the investigation that discovered radio-activity. Finally J. J. Thomson enunciated the electron theory as a result of investigating the nature of the X-rays."" (DSB).""On Friday, 8 November 1895, Röntgen first suspected the existence of a new phenomenon when he observed that crystals of barium platinocyanide fluoresced at some distance from a Crookes tube with which he was experimenting. Hertz and Lenard had published on the penetrating powers of cathode rays (electrons), and Röntgen thought that there were unsolved problems worth investigation. He found time to begin his repetition of their experiments in October 1895. Although others had operated Crookes tubes in laboratories for over thirty years, it was Röntgen who found that X rays are emitted by the part of the glass wall of the tube that is opposite the cathode and that receives the beam of cathode rays. He soon discovered the penetrating properties of the rays, and was able to produce photographs of balance-weights in a closed box, the chamber of a shotgun, and a piece of nonhomogeneous metal. The apparent magical nature of the new rays was something of a shock even to Röntgen, and he, naturally, wished to be absolutely sure of the repeatability of the effects before publishing. The first communication on the rays, on 28 December, was to the editors of the Physical and Medical Society of Würzburg, and by 1 January 1896 Röntgen was able to send reprints and, in some cases, photographs to his friends and colleagues. Emil Warburg displayed some of the photographs at a meeting of the Berlin Physical Society on 4 January. The Wiener Presse carried the story of the discovery on 5 January, and on the following day the news broke around the world. The world's response was remarkably swift, both the general public and the scientific community reacting in their characteristic ways. For the former, the apparent magic caught the imagination, and for the latter, Crookes tubes and generators were promptly sold in great numbers.After a royal summons, Röntgen demonstrated the effects of X rays to the Kaiser and the court on 13 January. He was immediately awarded the Prussian Order of the Crown, Second Class.In March 1896, a second paper on X rays was published, and there followed a third in 1897, after which Röntgen returned to the study of the physics of solids. "" (DSB)""Aside from its obvious applications, Roentgen's discovery galvanized the world of physics and led to a rash of further discoveries that so completely overturned the old concepts of the science, that the discovery of X-rays is sometimes considered the first stroke of the Second Scientific Revolution. (The First Scientific Revolution is, of course that which included Galileo and his experiments on falling bodies). Within a matter of months, investigations of X rays led to the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel....The importence of the discovery was well recognized in its own time. In 1896 Roentgen shared the Rumford Medal with Lenard and in 1901, when Nobel Prizes were set up.the first to be honoured with a Nobel Prize in Physics was Roentgen."" (Asimov).
Bestimmungen des thermischen linearen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten von Cuprit und Diamant.
(München, 1912). From ""Sitzungsberichte d. K. Bayer. Akad. d. Wissenschaften.."" pp. 381-387.
First edition.
Ueber die Compressibilität von Schwefelkohlenstoff, Benzol, Aethyläther und einigen Alkoholen.
Leipzig, Barth, 1891. Orig. printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie"" pp. 1-23 and 1 plate.
First edition in the scarce offprint and with ""Ueberreicht vom Verfasser"" printed on frontcover.
Ueber die Dicke von cohärenten Oelschichten auf der Oberfläche des Wassers.
Leipzig, Barth, 1890. Orig. printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie"" pp. 321-329.
First edition in the scarce offprint with ""Ueberreicht vom Verfasser"" printed on frontwrapper.
Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form-und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern.
Leipzig, Barth, 1880. Orig. printed wrappers. Offprint from ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie..."" pp. 771-786 and 1 plate.
First edition in the scarce offprint.
Ueber die von Herrn Kerr gefundene neue Beziehung zwischen Licht und Elektricität.
(Giessen, 1880). Offprint from ""Berich der Oberhess. Gesellschaft f. Natur-u. Heilkunde"" pp. 1-16 and 1 lithographed plate. From the library of H. Becquerel with his small paperlabel pasted on front with the booknumber ""B 1919"".
First edition in the scarce offprint.
""Nachweis der elektromagnetischen Drehung der Polarisationsebene des Lichtes im Schwefelkohlenstoffdampf"".
(Leipzig, 1879). From ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie."" pp. 541- 544 and 1 lithographed plate. From the library of H. Becquerel with his small paperlabel pasted on front with the booknumber ""B 1916"".
First edition.
""Ueber die elektromagnetische Drehung der Polarisationsebene des Lichtes in den Gasen"".
(München, 1879). From ""Sitzungsberichte...München"" pp. 147-170 and 2 folded lithographed plates. From the library of H. Becquerel with his small paperlabel pasted on front with the booknumber ""B 1917""
First edition.
