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The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment. [Extracted from: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Vol. 82 No. 352, April 1956]. - [THE FIRST SUCCESFUL CLIMATE MODEL]
(London, Royal Meteorological Society, 1956). 8vo. Extracted and with a nice marbled paper-backstrip (kind of representing the elements). Damp-staining to lower part of leaves. Pp. 123-164. Illustrated.
First printing of Phillips' seminal paper, in which he presents for the first time his mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere. This became became the first successful general circulation model of climate (GCM). ""Numerical models (General Circulation Models or GCMs), representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface, are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. While simpler models have also been used to provide globally - or regionally-averaged estimates of the climate response, only GCMs, possibly in conjunction with nested regional models, have the potential to provide geographically and physically consistent estimates of regional climate change which are required in impact analysis...GCMs depict the climate using a three dimensional grid over the globe, typically having a horizontal resolution of between 250 and 600 km, 10 to 20 vertical layers in the atmosphere and sometimes as many as 30 layers in the oceans."" (IPCC - International Panel on Climate Change). In 1956, Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere, thus revolutionizing weather and climate change predition. It became the first successful climate model. Following Phillips' work, several groups began working to create GCMs that are now essential to predict climate change. ""Steady improvements to short-range NWP accrued during the early 1950s, in large part due to more realistic models that accounted for energy conversion in extratropical cyclones. Encouraged by the success of these forecasts, IAS team member Norman Phillips began to contemplate longer-range prediction using the IAS computer. His work took the form of a numerical simulation of the atmosphere's general circu lation for a period of 1 month. The work was completed in 1955 and Phillips communicated the results to von Neumann, who immediately recognized their significance. Von Neumann hastily arranged a conference in October 1955, Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation, held at Princeton University. In his opening statement at the conference, von Neumann said I should like to make a few general remarks concerning the problem of forecasting climate fluctuations and the various aspects of the general circulation that cause such fluctuations. Specifically, I wish to point out that the hydro-dynamical and computational efforts which have been made in connection with the problem of short-range forecasting serve as a natural introduction to an effort in this direction . . . With this philosophy in mind, we held our first meeting nine years ago at the Institute for Advanced Study to discuss the problem of short-range weather prediction. Since that time, a great deal of progress has been made in the subject, and we feel that we are now prepared to enter into the problem of forecasting the longer period fluctuations of the general circulation. (von Neumann 1955, 9-10) Following this conference, which highlighted his numerical experiment, Phillips entered the research into competition for the first Napier Shaw Memorial Prize, a prize honoring England's venerated leader of meteorology, Sir Napier Shaw (1854-1945), on the occasion of the centenary of his birth (the competition was announced in April 1954). The subject for the first competition was ""the energetics of the atmosphere."" On 20 June 1956, ""the adjudicators recommended that the prize be given to Norman A. Phillips of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A. for his essay 'The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment,' which had been published in the Quarterly Journal [of the Royal Meteorological Society] (82, p. 1230) [April 1956] ..."" (Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 1956b)"" (Lewis: Clarifying the Dynamics of the General Circulation: Phillips's 1956 Experiment).
Sze Tsung Leong : History Images
, Steidl Dap 2006, 2006 Hardcover, 144 pages, ENG, 350 x 285 mm, book is in good condition, with photo's in clear colours, . ISBN 9783865212740.
Since 2002, Sze Tsung Leong has been photographing the dramatic changes that are transforming the cities of China, revealing a process that begins with the destruction of traditional neighborhoods and ends in the mass construction of new urban environments. He travels with a large-format view camera, visiting cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Nanjing, Pingyao and Xiamen, and the resulting highly detailed images portray the immense scale of the upheaval and of the contradictions created by its uncertain and fluctuating environment. Traditional buildings in the process of being demolished are juxtaposed against the glass walls that are about to replace them; seemingly abandoned buildings on the verge of destruction, or in the midst of construction, reveal clues of habitation; historic areas survive as a result of neglect and isolation rather than intent; and obscured in the midst of expansive, culturally ambivalent spaces, small Chinese script on indistinct signs serves as the only hint that these environments are in China. Collectively, the photographs in History Images capture the erasure and subsequent absence of history, and the moment of anticipation for the new future to unfold; it is an urban reality caught in the tenuous period after the end of one history and at the beginning of another.
