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Kort Fortælning af de Vilde Folks fornemmeste Indretninger, Skikke og meninger, til Oplysning af det menneskeliges Oprindelse og Fremgang i Almindelighed. (Brief Account of the Principal Institutions, Customs and Ideas of the Savage peoples, to Inform... - [ FOUNDING THE SCIENCE OF ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.]
Sorøe, Jonas Lindgren, 1760. 8vo. In recent half calf with gilt lettering to spine. Spine with a few stains and slightly miscoloured. Internally nice and clean. (8), 383, (1) pp. + 2 folded plates.
Scarce first edition of this pioneering work considered true beginning of scientific ethnology and anthropology: “Kraft's book is the first general ethnology containing a description of the origin and development of society, economic life, religion, and arts” (Birket-Smith, The History of Ethnology in Denmark). “Actually, the first ethnologist in a modern sense was Jens Kraft (1720-65), who deserves a place of honour among the pioneers of cultural research by virtue of his little book (the present). Kraft was born in Norway, which at that time was united politically with Denmark, but after his father's untimely death he was educated in his uncle's house in Denmark, and here he was appointed professor of philosophy and mathematics at the early age of twenty-six. Urged by Rousseau's glorification of primitive man, Kraft wanted to depict the true history of humanity, and disregarding the nations of antiquity he started with the most ""savage"" peoples he knew, two tribes of South American Indians, the Lule and the Caigua. It makes no difference that his choice is not very fortunate, since these tribes are far from being on an especially low stage" the main thing is that his principle is indisputable The more you become absorbed in his queer little book, the more will the amazingly far-sighted and unbiassed view of the author compel your respect. Referring to the natives of America, he maintains, for instance, that among some peoples agriculture must be older than cattle breeding" usually it is Alexander von Humboldt who gets the credit for this discovery. In order to refute the idea that primeval man lived in a state of promiscuity Kraft mentions the fact that even among the higher animals we find something like married life, thus upholding the view of Westermarck 130 years later. He points out the authority of the women in certain societies and concludes "" that the children have for the most part followed their mothers and considered themselves their natural possessions,"" and from this circumstance he derives matrilineal succession, in other words he anticipates Bachofen's famous discovery by a century. Kraft's book is the first general ethnology containing a description of the origin and development of society, economic life, religion, and arts. It was translated into German, and if it had been known to wider circles it might have been epoch-making. This did not happen. It is doubtful whether Kraft himself was aware of the importance of his work, and anyhow he died soon after in the prime of his life. Kraft was actually a hundred years ahead of his time. In Europe generally as well as in Denmark, physical anthropology and, later, archaeology nearly killed the tiny ethnological germ, and it was not till the middle of the 19th century that it grew to be an independent science. (Birket-Smith, The History of Ethnology in Denmark)
Om Sielens Udødelighed. - [KRAFT ON THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL]
(Copenhagen, 1754). 4to. In recently blue paper covered card board binding with white paper-label title-label to front board. Previous owner's name to pasted down front end-paper. Ex-libris pasted on to verso of front free end-paper. Without wrappers as issued in ""Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"", internally a nice and clean copy. Pp. 189-216.
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Uncommon first edition of Kraft’s work on the immortality of the Soul is part of his philosophical engagement with the materialist debates of the 18th century. Here Kraft argues against materialist conceptions of the soul, particularly those put forth by La Mettrie in his “L'Homme Machine”. Kraft disputes La Mettrie's claim that the connection between thought and the body implies a causal relationship. He acknowledges that rational beings have larger brains than irrational ones and that thought is influenced by bodily conditions, illnesses, and emotions. However, he maintains that these observations only demonstrate a connection, not causation. Kraft distinguishes between time and eternity, arguing that while the finite can never attain eternity, it can achieve an infinite time with a beginning but no end. He contrasts this with the permanence of the infinite. Jens Kraft (1720–1765) was a Dano-Norwegian mathematician and philosopher. He was born in Frederikshald in Norway. While still a student in Copenhagen, he was influenced by Christian Wolff, having attended one of Wolff’s lectures during a visit to Halle. Later he was appointed professor of philosophy at the Sorø Academy, where he responded to Baumgarten’s Metaphysica with his own work, Metaphysik. Both philosophers structured their works into four divisions: Cosmologie, Ontologie, Psykologie, and Naturlig Theologie.
Forelæsninger over Mekanik med hosføiede Tillæg (+) Forelæsninger over Statik og Hydrodynamik med Maskin=Væsenets Theorier som Anden Deel af Forelæsningerne over Mekaniken. 2 vols.
Sorøe, Jonas Lindgren, 1763 - 1764. 4to. Uniformly bound in two contemporary full sprinkled calf bindings with five raised bands. ""Söe Cadet Accadem:"" embossed to front boards. Wear to extremities, head of spines chipped and parts of the gilting worn off. A few annotations to front free end-paper in both volumes. Small stamp to upper outer corner on title-page in both volumes. Internally very nice and clean. (28), 656, (4) pp. + 14 folded engraved plate"" (16),1000 pp. + 47 folded engraved plates.
First edition of the most significant Danish physics work of the 18th century, being the first systematic exposition of Newtonian physics and mathematics in Denmark. Here he provides a systematic presentation of Newtonian physics and calculus. ""Kraft’s best-known work is a textbook on theoretical and technical mechanics (1763-1764). The book, written in an easy and fluent style, contains a series of lectures baied on Newtonian principle. Each lecture is provided with a supplement giving a more advanced mathematical exposition of the subject matter. In Denmark this work gave theoretical physics a firm basis as an academic subject, while its large section on machines stimulated the expansion of industry. The book was favorably received abroad and was trans. lated into Latin and German."" (DSB) Jens Kraft (1720–1765) was a Dano-Norwegian mathematician and philosopher. He was born in Frederikshald in Norway.While still a student in Copenhagen, he was influenced by Christian Wolff, having attended one of Wolff’s lectures during a visit to Halle. Later he was appointed professor of philosophy at the Sorø Academy, where he responded to Baumgarten’s Metaphysica with his own work, Metaphysik. Both philosophers structured their works into four divisions: Cosmologie, Ontologie, Psykologie, and Naturlig Theologie. Kraft distinguished between time and eternity asserting that “the finite can never attain eternity, but it can attain infinite time (Aevum), a time with a beginning but without an end.” In contrast, the infinite possesses true permanence. Biblioteca Danica II, 53.
Afhandling om en Deel Contradictioner, som findes i det sædvanlige Systema over Materien og de sammensatte Ting.
(København, 1754). 4to. In recently blue paper covered card board binding with white paper-label title-label to front board. Previous owner's name to pasted down front end-paper. Annotations to front free end-paper. Without wrappers as issued in ""Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"", nice and clean copy. Pp. 189-216.
First edition of Kraft’s paper on contradictions in traditional theories of matter and composite substances. Kraft argues that the traditional physics and metaphysics is filled with contradictions, particularly regarding the divisibility of matter, the nature of space and time and the structure of reality. He suggests that Leibniz’s theory of monads or a similar concept of fundamental indivisible units provides a more consistent framework for understanding the physical world. The present paper is a fine example of 18th-century Enlightenment debates on the nature of matter, space and time,
Betænkninger over Neutons og Cartesii Systemata, tilligemed nye Anmærkninger over Lyset.
(København, 1747). 4to. In a later half calf binding with gilt lettering to spine. Previous owner's name to pasted down front end-paper. Without wrappers as issued in ""Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, III. Del, 1747"". A nice and clean copy. Pp. 213-296. + 3 engraved plates.
First edition of one of Kraft's earliest and most important works, being a preliminary study to his seminal ""Forelæsninger over Mekanik"" (1763). It also constitute one of the earliest introductions to Newton in Danish.In 1747, he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, same year as the present thesis was published. Here, he takes a stand in favor of Newton against Descartes, in contrast to his admired teacher C. v. Wolff. Kraft concluded that while the Cartesian system was unreasonable and even inconsistent, Newton's physics perfectly aligned with the most reliable experiences, including the best astronomical observations. Furthermore, the Newtonian system was superior from a methodological standpoint, as it contained fewer hypotheses and was more simple and well-ordered than the Cartesian alternative.
Methode at bevise, hvorledes man i alle Tilfælde kand bestemme den ene Ubekiendte ved en u-endelig Følge af Terminis, som gives ved den anden, i de Algebraiske Liigheder, som indeholde to Ubekiendte.
(Copenhagen, 1751). 4to. In recently blue paper covered card board binding with white paper-label title-label to front board. Previous owner's name to pasted down front end-paper. Without wrappers as issued in ""Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"", a nice and clean copy. Pp. 323-354.
First edition of Kraft’s paper on algebra and infinite series, placing him among the most significant Danish mathematicians of his time. The work presents a method for determining an unknown variable in an algebraic equation using an infinite sequence of terms relating to series expansion techniques later formalized in Puiseux series, which play a role in modern algebraic geometry and analysis. This work is important in understanding Kraft’s ability as both a mathematician and a philosopher. It show his mathematical talent in algebra and infinite series while also aligning with his Newtonian physics and Leibnizian philosophy.
Rigernes u-skatterlige Lyksalighed under den høypriselige Oldenburgiske Stammes Regiering, bragt til Fuldkommenhed under Voris Stormægtigste. Allernaadigste Monarch Friderich den Femte, blev bevist ved en Jubel Tale holden paa Sorøe Ridderlige Academi...
Kiøbenhavn, Gabriel Christian Rothe, (1749). 4to. In contemporary half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine. Wear to boards. Internally nice and clean. 20 pp.
Second edition, published same year as the original, of Kraft's work in which he praises the immense prosperity of the Danish realms under the rule of the Oldenburg dynasty, particularly emphasizing the reign of King Frederick V of Denmark. Biblioteca Danica III, 392.
Overensstemmelse imellem visse Principia af Physik og Metaphysik.
(Copenhagen, 1754). 4to. In recently blue paper covered card board binding with white paper-label title-label to front board. Previous owner's name to pasted down front end-paper. Without wrappers as issued in ""Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter"", a nice and clean copy. Pp. 249-254.
First edition of Kraf’s paper in which he explores the relationship between principles of physics and metaphysics attempting to bridge the gap between Newtonian physics and Leibnizian metaphysics.
KRAFT, JENS. - FOUNDING THE SCIENCE OF ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
Reference : 53320
(1760)
Kort Fortælning af de Vilde Folks fornemmeste Indretninger, Skikke og meninger, til Oplysning af det menneskeliges Oprindelse og Fremgang i Almindelighed. (Brief Account of the Principal Institutions, Customs and Ideas of the Savage peoples, to Inform...
Sorøe, Jonas Lindgren, 1760. Samtidigt hldrbd. Ryggen med blindtrykte dekorationer. Rygtitlen slidt. Hjørner lidt stødte. (8),383,(1) pp. samt 2 kobberstukne plancher. Spredte brunpletter og lettere brugsspor.Contemp. hcalf. Blindtooled decorations on spine. Titlelabel worn. Corners a bit bumped. Scattered brownspots and light traces of use.
Scarce first edition of this pioneering work, by leading historians of ethnology, considered the true beginning of scientific ethnology and anthropology.
