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‎Nouveaux Essais Sur l' Entendement Humain‎

‎ Garnier Flammarion broché Bristol illustré Paris 1966 chronologie et introduction par Jacques Brunscwig - 500 pages en format -12 - TBE ‎

‎Très Bon État ‎

‎Oeuvres philosophiques latines & francoises de feu. Tirées de ses manuscrits qui se conservent dans la bibliotheque royale a Hanovre et publiées par Mr. Rud. Eric Raspe. Avec une Préface de Mr. Kaestner. [Nouveau essais sur l'entendement humain, -New ... - [FIRST PRINTING OF ""NEW ESSAYS ON HUMAN UNDERSTANDING""]‎

‎Amsterdam et Leipzig, Chez Jean Schreuder, 1765. 4to. Uncut in the original marbled boards. Professionally rebacked preserving almost all of the original back. The fragile orginal binding is here preserved in its entirety, and it has quite a bit of overall wear. Apart from a small hole to two leaves in the index, affecting ab. one work on each of the four pages, it is internally nice and clean. Title-page printed in red and black. Beautiful eng. title-vignette and a few other woodcut vignettes and initials. (4), XVI, (2), 540, (18) pp.‎

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‎First edition thus, being the first collected edition of Leibnitz' philosophical works in French and Latin, and containing the FIRST PRINTING of one of Leibnitz' most important philosophical works, his ""Nouveaux essays sur l'entendement humain"" (New Essays on Human Understanding), in which he attacks and refutes Locke and his ""Essay on Human Understanding"" and gives important testimony to his own philosophical ideas. With its 496 pages, this extensive work takes up most of this collection of philosophical works, and it also constitutes one of his largest and most important of his philosophical works. As explained by Raspe, the editor, in his preface to this publication, ""LES NOUVEAUX ESSAIS SUR L'ENTENDEMENT HUMAIN, qui sont la partie principale de recueil, sont connûs trés imparfaitement par l'histoire de la Philosophie de Leibnitz, que Mr. Ludovici a publiée"" (p. X), and the reason why the work was known, even though it had not been published, is because of a letter that Leibnitz had written in 1714, in which he explains why he did not wish to publish the work. Raspe quotes the letter (p. X), from which it becomes clear that Leibnitz had not wished to publish an attack on Locke and his work, because Locke had died in 1704 (the same year that Leibnitz had actually written the work), and because Leibnitz was against publishing refutations of dead authors: ""Mais je me suis degouté de publier des refutations des Auteurs morts, quoiqu'elles dissent paroitre Durant leur vie & étre communiqués à eux memes"". Raspe points to the nobleness of this decision, but he also points to what could be other reasons for Leibnitz not wishing to publish his seminal work, one of them being that towards the end of his life (he died in 1716), he did not wish to enter into any more controversies with the British, since he was already engaged in two very important ones that occuopied much of his time and energy: The first concerned the invention of the differential calculus, the second was against Mr. Clarke on liberty and important metaphysical and theological questions. Another reason could also be that he did not want to begin controversies with the friends of Locke, who at that time were many and important.Locke's ""An Essay Concerning Human Understanding"", which is the work here being refuted by Leibnitz, became the crucial groundwork for the future empiricists with David Hume in the foreground, and thus Leibnitz' work, though published posthumously, probably came to play a bigger role in the history of philosophy than it would have done had it been published just after he wrote it. Few philosophers of his time were susceptible to Leibnitz' ideas and his application of logic to the problems of metaphysics, as most of them were far more receptive to Locke's empiricism. However, when Leibnitz' ""Nouveaux essays..."" was finally published here in his ""Oeuvres philosophiques"" in 1765, it became hugely influential and was also an important factor in the development of Kant's transcendental philosophy.The hugely famous work by Locke, in which he stated his famous theory that the mind of the newborn is like a blank slate (tabula rasa) and concluded that all ideas come from experience and that there are no such things as innate principles, was generally sharply criticized by the rationalists, the most important of them being Leibnitz. Leibnitz' response, his ""Les nouveaux essays sur l'entendement humain"" constitutes the most important of the rationalist responses and it is written in the form of a chapter-by-chapter refutation. He refutes the major premise of Locke's work, that the senses are the source of all understanding, primarily by adding to this ""except the understanding itself"", thus going on to distinguish between his three levels of understanding, which are part of the centre of his philosophy.For Leibnitz as well as for Locke the great inspiration was Descartes, but they chose two fundamentally different directions, Locke the materialistic one and Leibnitz the idealistic one. The present work represents the greatest clash between the two giants of late 17th century philosophy. The effect of Leibnitz' work was enormous, and among the Germans he invoked a great passion for philosophical studies. Leibnitz represents a striking contrast to both Locke with his empiricism and Spinoza. One earlier collection of some of Leibnitz' works had been printed before this one, but it did not contain his ""New Essays on Human Understanding"", and only consisted of his ""Smaller Philosophical Works"". This is the German 1740-edition ""Kleinere philosohische Schriften"". The other writings contained in this publication are ""Examen du sentiment du P. Malebranche que nous voyons tout en Dieu"", """"Dialogus de connexione inter res & verba"", ""Difficultates quaedam Logicae"", ""Discours touchant la methode de la certitude & de l'art d'inventer"", ""Historia et commendatio charactericae universalis quae simul sit ars inveniendi"".Graesse IV:152. ‎

‎De la tolérance des religions. Lettres de M. de Leibnitz et réponses de M. Pellisson.‎

‎ 1692 1692 Paris. Jean Anisson. 1692. 1 volume in-12, pleine basane brune, dos à nerfs orné. Reliure légèrement frottée, coiffes et coins fatigués. [4] ff. ; 147 pp. ; [1] p. bl. ; [1] f. ; 185 pp. ; [1] p. bl.‎

‎Édition originale d'un riche échange épistolaire entre le grand philosophe Leibnitz et Paul Pellisson historiographe du Roi, protestant devenu catholique en 1790. Les deux écrivains entretiennent dans leur correspondance, par l'intermédiaire de Madame de Brignon, une intense réflexion sur la réunification des Églises chrétiennes.Ces lettres sont suivies d'un recueil d'additions, comportant d'autres lettres des deux penseurs, des débats historiques sur la communion des Églises d'Allemagne, et 3 éloges du Roi. Intéressante note au crayon à la première garde. Rousseurs. « Volume peu commun » Brunet III, 951. ‎

‎Theodicaea, Oder Versuch und Abhandlung, Wie der Güte und Gerechtigkeit Gottes, In Ansehung Der Menschlichen Freyheit, und des Ursprungs des Bösen, zu vertheidigen" Aus dem Frantzösischen übersetzt, Bei diesen dritten Auflage an vielen Orten verbesser...‎

‎Hannover, Zu finden bey Nicolai Försters und Sohns sel. Erben, 1735. 8vo. Cont.full vellum w. author and title in old hand on back. Bdg. a bit soiled. Internally a bit of brownspotting., title-page w. professionally repaired tear. Inner front-hinge starting to crack, but bdg. and bookblock tight. Overall a good and fairly well preserved copy. With engr. portrait, woodcut vignettes and one folded engr. plate depicting an early calculating machine. (28), 64, 1030 pp.‎

‎Rare third German edition. Last Richter-edition. First published in French in 1710. It is the only larger philosophical work, Leibnitz himself published and it is a work of immense importance to philosophy, theology and mathematics. In this work Leibniz represents his excellent calculating machine, which has served as the basis for what we now call a computer, as he presents the binary arithmetic, ""Rechnen mit Null und Eins"" (""calculating with zero and one"") in the Beylage (p. 926), which forms the basis for the much later developed computer science (see PMM 177). This work contains ""Anmerkungen"" by Richter and ""Lebens=Beschreibung"" by Fontenelle, followed by ""Beylage"". In these ""Beylage"" we find the method of converting numbers into the binary system, which here is said to be ""etwas recht neues, welches der Herr Leibnitz zu Hanover erfunden"" (""something brand new, which Mr. Leibnitz von Hanover has discovered"") as well as ""Eine Schrift. In welcher klar gezeiget wird/ dass nicht Herr Neuton,sondern der Herr von Leibnitz Erfinder des CALCULI DIFFERENTIALIS sey."" (A Treatise. In which it is clearly shown/ that Mr. Leibniz and not Mr. Newton is the inventor of the CALCULI DIFFERENTIALIS"").All early editions of the Theodicee are rare. See D.S.B.: VIII, pp. 161-166.‎

‎Essais de Theodicée sur la Bonté de Dieu, la Liberté de L'Homme, et L'Origine du Mal + Appendices sux Essais de Theodicee sur la Bonté ...2 Vols. - [A NEW PHILOSOPHY]‎

‎Amsterdam, D. Mortier, 1720. Bound in one contemporary full calf. Spine richly blindtooled. XLI,(3),520 pp. + 1 fold. table. A fine clean copy.‎

‎The scarce third edition of Leibnitz' importent treatise on the goodnes of God, the free will of man and the causes of evil in the world, The principal subject of the work being the problem of liberty and free will. It is the only larger philosophical work published by Leibnitz himself.Ravier No 67 (the first ed. from 1710) - PMM: 177 (1710-edition).‎

‎OEUVRES PHILOSOPHIQUES DE LEIBNITZ . Avec une introduction et des notes par PAUL JANET. Deuxiième édition revue et augmentée.‎

‎ Paris, Félix Alcan, 1900. Fort vol. in-8 rel. de l'époque, demi-chagrin vert très foncé, dos à nerfs titré, plats marbrés, gardes flammées, tête dorée, XXVIII-820pp, table des matières. ‎

‎Importante édition avec les notes de Paul Janet, qui sont d'un grandi ntérêt. Le relieur a commis une erreur en titrant le dos: 'La philosophie de Newton" et en intégrant les plats de ce livre sur ce texte de Leibnitz!. Ex. bien relié néanmoins et en bonne condition. - Frais de port : -France 6,9 € -U.E. 9 € -Monde (z B : 15 €) (z C : 25 €) ‎

‎Theodicee, das ist Versuch von der Güte Gottes, Freyheit des Menschen, und vom Ursprunge des Bösen, bey dieser fünften Ausgabe durchgehends verbessert auch mit neuen Zusätzen und Anmerkungen vermehret von Johann Christoph Gottsched.‎

‎Hannover, Im Verlage der Frösterischen Erben, 1763. 8°. Frontispiz, 10 n.n. Bl. 112 S., 908 S., 21 n.n. Bl. Register. Mit einer gefalteten gestochenen Tafel. Schlichter Halblederband der Zeit mit handschriftlichem Rückenschild.‎

‎Fünfte deutsche, zweite von Gottsched bearbeitete Ausgabe mit der Lobrede von Fontanelle auf Leibnitz, übersetzt von Louise Adelgunde Victorie Gottsched. Das Kupfer mit der berühmten Leibnitzschen Rechenmaschine. - Einband beschabt und an den Ecken bestossen. Rücken am Kapital und an der Stehkante mit kleinen Abrissen. Rückenschild mit Fehlstellen. Durchgehend stärker stockfleckig und gebräunt. - Unbeschnittenes breitrandiges Exemplar.‎

‎ESSAIS DE THEODICEE SUR LA BONTE' DE DIEU, LA LIBERTE' DE L'HOMME, ET L'ORIGINE DU MAL.‎

‎Nouvelle dition, augmente de l'histoire de la vie & des ouvrages de l'Auteur, par M. L de Neufville. chez Franois Changuion, Amsterdam, 1734. In-16 p. (mm. 158x95), 2 volumi, p. pelle bazana coeva, dorso a cordoni con decorazioni e titolo oro su tassello, tagli gialli, pp. (4),245,(3),XXXXIV,150; (2),377,(13); con una tavola pi volte ripieg. ( la p. 377), e una marca tipografica incisa ai frontesp. (Bambino seduto indica con la mano destra un vaso con albero. Sullo sfondo un palazzo. Motto in cartiglio: Tot pendebunt et ab arbore poma) L'opera del grande filosofo e scienziato tedesco (1646-1716), divisa in tre parti, preceduta da: Vie de Leibnitz - Catalogue chronologique de ses ouvrages - Prface de l'A sur la Thodice - Discours sur la conformit de la Foi avec la Raison e seguita da: Reflexions sur l'ouvrage que M. Hobbes a publi en Anglois, de la Libert, de la Necessit & du Hazard - Remarques sur le livre de l'origine du Mal, publi depuis peu en Angleterre - Causa Dei assertam per justitia ejus perfectionibus, cunctisque actionibus conciliatam.Con uniformi lievi arross. e aloni ma certamente un buon esemplare.‎

‎Theodicee, das ist Versuch von der Güte Gottes, Freiheit des Menschen, und vom Ursprunge des Bösen, bey dieser vierten Ausgabe durchgehends verbessert auch mit versch.‎

‎Zusätzen und Anmerkungen vermehrt von Johann Christoph Gottscheden. Statt einer Einleitung ist Fontenellische Lobschrift auf den Herrn von Leibnitz von neuem übersetzt. Hannover u.Lpz., 1744. Nice cont.full vellum. Engr.portr. (24),843 pp. and Register, 1 fold.engr.plate. First Gottsched-edition.‎

‎Lettres de M. de Leibnitz á M. Herman. Part I-II. (I.No. I-III - II. No. 1-26).‎

‎(Berlin, Haude et Spener, 1759). 4to. No wrappers as issued in ""Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres"". tome XIII, 1757. Titlepage (Classe de Philosophie Spéculative) and pp. (451-)522.‎

‎First appearance of this remarkable, mathematical correspondance, comprising 29 letters mostly of mathematical content, and after the death of Herman leading to some controveries in relation to priorities.Ravier ""Bibliographie des Oeuvres de Leibniz"" No. 465.‎

‎Tentamina Theodicaeae De Bonitate Dei Libertate Hominis Et Origine Mali / Latinè versa & Notationibus illustrata à M. D. L. (Barth. Des Bosses). Ab ipso Auctore emendata & auctiora. Tomus Primus (3 Parts, all). (Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God...‎

‎Franckfurt, Bencard, 1719. 8vo. Contemp. full vellum. A few small brownspots to covers. Large engraved titlevignette. (48),(40),408,(12) pp. 1 folded table (between p.48/49). Clean and fine.‎

‎Extremely scarce first Latin edition of Leibniz's hugely influential work ""Essais de Theodicée sur la Bonté de Dieu, la Liberté de L'Homme, et L'Origine du Mal"" (1710). It is his importent treatise on the goodnes of God, the free will of man and the causes of evil in the world, The principal subject of the work being the problem of liberty and free will. It is the only larger philosophical work published by Leibnitz himself.The ""Théodicée"" was a response to skeptical Pierre Bayle, who wrote in his work Dictionnaire Historique et Critique that, after rejecting three attempts to solve it, he saw no rational solution to the problem of evil.The work was composed at the instigation of Sophia Charlotte, with whom Leibniz had conversed concerning the views of Bayle. In response to a request from Prince Eugene for an abstract of the Théodicée, Leibniz in 1714 wrote the ""Principes de la nature et de la grâce fondées en raison and the Monadologie"".It is often the case, that this Latin edition is followed by the small work ""Causa Dei Asserta per Justitiam Ejus..."" (32) pp. This work is not withbound here.Ravier ""Bibliographie des Oeuvres de Leibniz"", No 344. - PMM (1710-edition).‎

‎Continuatio Analyseos Quadraturarum Rationalium. - [LEIBNITZ ON THE SQUARING OF A CIRCLE]‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1703. 4to. In: ""Actorum Eruditorum Anno MDCCIII"". The entire volume offered in contemporary full vellum. Hand written title on spine. A yellow label pasted on to top of spine. Two small stamps to title-page and free front end-paper. Library label to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. Pp. 19-26. [Entire volume: (4), 582, pp. + six plates.].‎

‎First publication of Leibniz' paper on the famous subject of squaring a circle, a problem which had also occupied famous scientists such as Newton and Wallis.The offered volume of also contains Bernoulli, Johann. Problema Exhibitum. Pp. 26-31, and many other papers by influential contemporary mathematicians, philosophers and historians.‎

‎Pensées de LEIBNITZ sur la religion et la morale.‎

‎La Société Nationale Bruxelles 1838 2 volumes in-12 ( 185 X 110 mm ) de 340 et 380 pages, brochés sous couvertures illustrées. Menus défauts aux couvertures, bon exemplaire, pur.‎

‎De linee super linea incessu, ejusque tribus speciebus motu radent motu provolutionis et composito ex ambobus (+) Excerptum ex epistola G.G.L. pro hypothesi physica motus planetarii olim (Febr.1689) hic Actis inserta, ad Amicum scripsit.‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1706. 4to. Contemp. full vellum. Faint hand-written title to spine. Two small stamps to title-page and one stamp to front free end-paper. Library label pasted on to pasted down front free end-paper. As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. The entire volume of ""Actorum Eruditorum Anno MDCCVI"" offered. [Leibniz's paper:] Pp. 10-15 + 1 engraved plate" 446-51 pp. [Entire volume: (2), 590 pp.].‎

‎First publication of two Leibniz papers. In the first paper, Leibniz's calculates the curve for a rolling without sliding body (Pura provolutio). The second paper is a correction to Leibniz's 1689-paper.Many other papers by influential contemporary mathematicians, philosophers and historians are to be found in the present volume. ‎

‎Epistola ad Christ. Wolfium circa scientiam infiniti. - [LEIBNIZ INTRODUCES THE PROBABILISTIC ARGUMENT]‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1713. 4to. Contemporary full vellum. Faint handwritten title on spine. Two small stamps to title page and pasted library label to pasted down front free end-paper. In: ""Actrum Eruditorum, Supplementa. Tomus V"". As usual with various browning to leaves and plates. Pp 264-70 + 1 engraved plate. [Entire volume: (2), 541,(27) pp. + 4 engraved plates].‎

‎First printing of Leibniz exceedingly important letter to Christian Wolff in which he introduced the ""probabilistic argument"", that influenced Johann and Daniel Bernoulli. Leibniz corresponded with several other mathematicians about divergent series, the present letter being the most important and having the longest lasting impact. Leibniz had been asked if he thought whether or not a sum existed for Grandi series. ""He reasoned that the sum of n terms of this series would either be 1 or 0 depending on whether n is odd or even, so that the values 0 and 1 occur with equal frequency"" therefore, according to the laws of probability, the most probable sum should be the arithmetic mean ."" (Tucciarone. The Development of the Theory of Summable Divergent Series. P. 1). The letter was rediscovered in 1880 by German mathematician Georg Frobenius in his paper ""Ueber die Leibnitzsche Reihe"" (On Leibniz's series). Frobenius' short paper, begins by quoting from Leibniz's treatment of 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + ... He states that Leibniz was actually stating a generalization of Abel's Theorem. The result, now known as Frobenius' theorem, and the paper is today regarded as being the first article in the modern history of divergent series.‎

‎Communicatio suae pariter, duarumque alienarum ad edendum sibi a Dn. Jo. Bernoulli, deinde a Dn Marchione Hospitalio communicatarum solutionum problematici curvae..descensus a Dn. Jo. Bernpulli....propositi solutione... (Leibniz). + Curvatura Radii in...‎

‎Leipzig, Grosse & Gleditsch, 1697. 4to. No wrappers. In: ""Acta Eruditorum Anno MDCXCVII"", No V, May-issue. Pp. 193-240 (entire issue offered). With titlepage to the volume 1697. Leibniz: pp. 201-205. Johann Bernoulli: pp. 206-211. Jacob Bernoulli: pp. 211-214. Newton: pp. 223-224. As usual, some leaves with browning.‎

‎First appearance of the famous issue of Acta Eruditorum in which the 4 solutions by the 4 most eminent mathematicians at the time, were printed together. There were in all 5 solutions to the posed problem, and Newton's solution was first printed in the Philosophical Transactions (January 1697) and reprinted here. The solution proposed by L'Hopital, not printed here, was not published until 1988.The brachistochrone problem was posed by Johann Bernoulli in Acta Eruditorum in June 1696. He introduced the problem as follows: ""I, Johann Bernoulli, address the most brilliant mathematicians in the world. Nothing is more attractive to intelligent people than an honest, challenging problem, whose possible solution will bestow fame and remain as a lasting monument. Following the example set by Pascal, Fermat, etc., I hope to gain the gratitude of the whole scientific community by placing before the finest mathematicians of our time a problem which will test their methods and the strength of their intellect. If someone communicates to me the solution of the proposed problem, I shall publicly declare him worthy of praise."" Johann Bernoulli and Leibniz deliberately tempted Newton with this problem. It is not surprising, given the dispute over the calculus, that Johann Bernoulli had included these words in his challenge:- ....""there are fewer who are likely to solve our excellent problems, aye, fewer even among the very mathematicians who boast that [they]... have wonderfully extended its bounds by means of the golden theorems which (they thought) were known to no one, but which in fact had long previously been published by others.""According to Newton's biographer Conduitt, he solved the problem in an evening after returning home from the Royal Mint. Newton: ... ""in the midst of the hurry of the great recoinage, did not come home till four (in the afternoon) from the Tower very much tired, but did not sleep till he had solved it, which was by four in the morning.""Newton send his solution to his friend Charles Montague and Montague published anonymously in the Transactions. Newton's solution, presented here in the Acta, is also anonymous. The episode did not please Newton, as he later wrote: ""I do not love to be dunned [pestered] and teased by foreigners about mathematical things ..."" After the competition Johann Bernoulli said "".... my elder brother made up the fourth of these (after Leibniz, himself and Newton), that the three great nations, Germany, England and France, each one of their own to unite with myself in such a beautiful search, all finding the same truth.""Struik (Edt.) ""A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200-1800, pp. 391 ff.‎