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"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS CONFIRMED AND EVAPORATION EXPLAINED.
Reference : 43060
(1857)
Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen.
(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1857). Without wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd.10, Stück 3 (= Poggendorff Bd. 100, No. 3). Pp. 353-480 a. 1 plates (the entire ""Heft"" (Stück) 3 offered). Clausius's paper: pp. 353-380. Clean and fine.
First printing of a milestone paper in the Kinetic Theory of Gases in which Clausius gives the physical explanation for the evaporation of a liquid and presents the first physical argument in support of Avogadro's hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.""In the paper ""Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen."", Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) established mathematically that the heat in a gas cannot be accounted for exclusively by translational motion of the molecules and asserts that molecules have rotational and vibratiional motion as well as translational motion. He consequently rejects the contentions the the translational kinetic energy is conserved during molecular collisions and that all molecules have equal, constant velocities. His allowancee for differing molecule velocities enables him to offer a new explanation of evaporation, asserting that he molecules able to overcome the attractive forces of the liquid and ""escape"" to the gaseous state are those with high velocities (and hence high kinetic energies). hence evaporation produces a loss of energy in the liquid and a decreasein temperature.""(Parkinson in ""Breakthroughs"", 1857 C/P).""This 1857 paper (the paper offered) also marked another importent beginning in physical theory, for it presented the first physical argument in support of Avogadro's hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Clausius argued that if it were assumed that all types of molecules possess the same translational energy at equal temperatures, then, since all gases have the same relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature, they would necessartly contain equal numbers of molecules in equal volumes at the same temperatur and pressure. Avogadro's hypothesis, therefore, found support in the mechanical theory of heat, independently of the usual chemical arguments.""(DSB III, p. 307).
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - AVOGADRO'S HYPOTHESIS CONFIRMED AND EVAPORATION EXPLAINED.
Reference : 49326
(1857)
Mémoire sur la nature du mouvement appelé CHALEUR. (Extraits par M. Adolphe Wurtz).
Paris, Victor Masson, 1857. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine. A bit rubbed along edges. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3ieme Serie, Tome 50. 512 pp. a. 1 folded engraved plate. (Entire volume offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 497-507. Stamp to verso of titlepage. Internally clean.
First French version of this milestone paper on the Kinetic Theory of Gases - ""Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen"", 1857 - in which Clausius gives the physical explanation for the evaporation of a liquid and presents the first physical argument in support of Avogadro's hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.""In the paper ""Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen."", Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) established mathematically that the heat in a gas cannot be accounted for exclusively by translational motion of the molecules and asserts that molecules have rotational and vibratiional motion as well as translational motion. He consequently rejects the contentions the the translational kinetic energy is conserved during molecular collisions and that all molecules have equal, constant velocities. His allowancee for differing molecule velocities enables him to offer a new explanation of evaporation, asserting that he molecules able to overcome the attractive forces of the liquid and ""escape"" to the gaseous state are those with high velocities (and hence high kinetic energies). hence evaporation produces a loss of energy in the liquid and a decreasein temperature.""(Parkinson in ""Breakthroughs"", 1857 C/P).""This 1857 paper (the paper offered) also marked another importent beginning in physical theory, for it presented the first physical argument in support of Avogadro's hypothesis that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Clausius argued that if it were assumed that all types of molecules possess the same translational energy at equal temperatures, then, since all gases have the same relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature, they would necessartly contain equal numbers of molecules in equal volumes at the same temperatur and pressure. Avogadro's hypothesis, therefore, found support in the mechanical theory of heat, independently of the usual chemical arguments.""(DSB III, p. 307).The volume contains JOULE'S famous paper ""Remarques sur la nature de la chaleur et la constitution des fluides élastiques"" (Extraits par M. Verdet). Originally published (1848) 1851. First French version. pp. 381-83.
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN von. - THE ""CENTRAL FORCE"" CONTROVERSY.
Reference : 43449
(1853)
Ueber einige Stellen der Schrift von Helmholtz ""über die Erhaltung der Kraft""" (and Helmholtz:) Erwiederung auf die Bemerkungen von Hrn. Clausius" (and Clausius:) Ueber einige Stellen der Schrift von Helmholtz ""über die Erhaltung der Kraft"", zweite No...
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1853-54. No wrappers. ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vol. 89, No 8 and vol. 91 No 2 a. 4. Pp. 497-628, pp. 161-320 a. pp. 497-628 a. 1 folded plate. (3 entire issues offered). Clausius's papers pp. 568-579 (vol. 89, ""Heft"" 8) a. pp. 601-604 (vol. 91,""Heft"" 4). Helmholtz paper: pp. 241-260 (vol. 91, ""Heft"" 4). With titlepages to both volumes 89 a. 91. All three issues clean and fine.
First printing of the 3 main papers in the famous Helmholtz-Clausius controversy about the principle of the ""Conservation of Energy"". His reply to Clausius contains very importent additons to his conservation law, as it clarifies his use of the concepts of ""energy"", ""vis viva"", ""electrical tension"" , ""potentials"" etc.Helmholtz famous work Über die Erhaltung der Kraft"" from 1847 gave the first comprehensive statement of the first law of thermodynamics: All modes of energy, heat, light, electricity, and all chemical phenomena, are capable of transformation from one to the other but are indestructible and cannot be created. Clausius (in the papers offere) critized helmholtz on his theory of heat over the consistency of the physical interpretation and of the use mathematics. He argued that Helmholtz's demonstration of his conservation law was valid only for Helmholtz's particulat model of matter, and that he had not understood the notion of the potential. This criticism lead Helmholtz expand and clarify the central concepts of physics, importent steps in the history of theoretical physics.
CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - A MAIN PAPER ON THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.
Reference : 43056
(1858)
Ueber die mittlere Länge der Wege, welche bei der Molecularbewegung gasförmiger Körper von den einzelnen Molecülen zurückgelegt werden" nebst einigen anderen Bemerkungen über die mechanische Wärmetheorie.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1858. Contemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands, gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage. In: ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd. 15, (=Poggendorff Bd. 105). X,636 pp. and 4 folded lithographed plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 239-258. The entire volume offered. Fine and clean.
First printing of this main paper in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in which Clausius announced his determination of the equation governing the mean free path lenght of a molecule moving freely in gases. By this he inscribed his name as one of the founders of the Kinetic Theory of Gases.""Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors.""(Magie in ""A Source Book in Physics"", p. 228).""In order to analyze the process (of molecular collisions), Clausius adopted a simplified model for his admittedly complicated molecule. He assumed that whatever the actual patterns on intermolecular forces, one could suppose that there is some advantage distance between the centers of molecules which would represent a general boundary between attractive and repulsive forces. If two molecules were to approach each other within that boundary, repulsion would generally occur. Thus the very complex problem of intermolecular action was reduced to a ""billiard ball"" model."" (DSB III, p. 307-06). - Parkinson, Breakthroughs, C/P 1858.
Ueber die Wärmeleitung gasförmiger Körper.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", 115. Bd., 1. issue (""Heft"" No 1, 1862). Titlepage to vol. 115. Pp. 1-176 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (The entire issue offereed (""Heft"" 1)). Clausius' paper: pp. 1-56. Some brownspots to right marginon some leaves.
First printing of this importent paper, the seciond of C's papers in the working out of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. In the paper he states that he found an error in Maxwell's theory of gases, an error Maxwell was to admit as far more serious. ""In his initial approach to the conduction of heat in gases, Maxwell drew a brilliant analogy between diffusion (a transfer of mass) and conduction (a transfer of kinetic energy), thereby making it possible to use the form of his diffusion equation to represent conduction, simply replacing the mass of a molecule with its kinetic energy. Clausius critized this adoption of the diffusion equation, because, given the assumptions, mass transfer would accompany the heat conduction and the process would not be one of energy transfer alone. He then offered a revised theory of conduction. ""(DSB III, p. 308).""Clausius was one of the founders of the kinetic theory of gases and of the science of thermodynamics. He and Lord Kelvin at about the same time and independently announced the Second Law of thermodynamics. Clausius particularly developed the theory of thermodynamics by applying it to the study of gases and vapors.""(Magie in ""A Source Book in Physics"", p. 228).
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE HEATH-DEATH OF THE UNIVERSE - ESTABLISHING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Reference : 44808
(1854)
Ueber eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptgesatzes der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1854. No wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 93, No 12 (entire issue offered). Titlepage to vol. 93. Pp. 481-632. Clausius's paper pp. 481-506.
First printing of this MILESTONE PAPER IN THERMODYNAMICS, which together with his paper from 1850, established the second law of thermodynamics. In the offered paper Clausius introduces the symbol T for the universal function of temperature (a + 1) and he introduces the concept of ""entropy"" (the greek word for 'transformation'), but without using the word (Clausius introduced the word later in 1865), he calls this new theorem ""the principle of the equivalence of transformations"". This principle paints a dramatic picture of the end of the world, the so-called ""heath-death of the universe"".""Entropy, on the other hand, of the complementary experience of water seeking its own level, of hot bodies cooling, of springs untensing, of magnetism wearing off and electrical charges leaking away, of a destiny suchThat no life lives forever" - That dead men rise up never" that even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea: a world getting old and running down.""(Gillespie in ""The edge of Objectivity"" p. 400-01.).""Clausius discovered that if he took the ratio of the heat content of a system and its absolute temperature, this ration would always increase in any process taken place in a closed system. (A closed system is one that loses no energy to the outside world and gains no energy from it.) With perfect efficiency, which is never realized in the real world, of course, the ratio would remain constant, but i would never, under any circumstances, decrease.""(Asimov). - Parkinson: Breakthroughs 1854 C.
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - ANNOUNCING THE ""TEOREM OF EQUIVALENCE""
Reference : 45071
(1862)
Ueber die Anwendung des Satzes von der Aequivalenz der Verwandlungen auf die innere Arbeit. (Vorgelen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 27. Januar 1862).
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1862. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 116, No. 5. Pp. 1-192 a. 1 folded lithographed plate. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 73-112. With titlepage to volume 116.
First appearance of the paper in which Clausius makes importent contributions to the generalization and understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics by introducing the concept of disgregation and proving the equivalence of the transformation of heat.""Clausius began that search for understanding in 1862 by introducing the concept of disgregation, a concept that, he said, was based on an idea he had long held: that the force of heat for performing mechanical work (both internal and external together) was proportional to the absolute temperature.13 Clausius had never stated this idea explicitly before, although he had argued in 1853, by adopting an analogy between a reversible steam engine and a thermocouple, that the potential difference at a thermocouple junction should be proportional to the absolute temperature. In any event, he now wished to assert that the work which can be done by heat in any change of the arrangement of a body is proportional to the absolute temperature multiplied by a function of molecular arrangement, the disgregation Z. Given this assumption and his postulate that the heat in a body H was only a function of temperature, he was able (1) to prove his theorem of the equivalence of transformations and (2) to separate the equivalence function (entropy) into a temperature-dependent term and a configurational-dependent term...""(DSB).The issue contains other notable papers, Plücker ""Ueber recurrente Ströme und ihre Anwendung zur Darstellung von Gasspectra"", pp. 27-54, Tyndall ""Ueber Strahlung und Absorption der Wärme durch gasförmige Materie"", pp. 1-27.
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE HEATH-DEATH OF THE UNIVERSE - ESTABLISHING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
Reference : 46907
(1854)
Ueber eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptgesatzes der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1854. Contemp. marbled boards. In: ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd. 3, (= Poggendorff Bd. 93,). Entire volume offered. Two stamps to titlepage. X,632 pp. and 4 folded engraved plates. Clausius's paper: pp. 481-506. Internally clean and fine.
First printing of this milestone paper in thermodynamics, which together with his paper from 1850, established the second law of thermodynamics. In the offered paper Clausius introduces the symbol T for the universal function of temperature (a + 1) and he introduces the concept of ""entropy"" (the greek word for 'transformation'), but without using the word (Clausius introduced the word later in 1865), he calls this new theorem ""the principle of the equivalence of transformations"". This principle paints a dramatic picture of the end of the world, the so-called ""heath-death of the universe"".""Entropy, on the other hand, of the complementary experience of water seeking its own level, of hot bodies cooling, of springs untensing, of magnetism wearing off and electrical charges leaking away, of a destiny suchThat no life lives forever" - That dead men rise up never" that even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea: a world getting old and running down.""(Gillespie in ""The edge of Objectivity"" p. 400-01.).""Clausius discovered that if he took the ratio of the heat content of a system and its absolute temperature, this ration would always increase in any process taken place in a closed system. (A closed system is one that loses no energy to the outside world and gains no energy from it.) With perfect efficiency, which is never realized in the real world, of course, the ratio would remain constant, but i would never, under any circumstances, decrease.""(Asimov). - Parkinson: Breakthroughs 1854 C.
Ueber ein neues Grundgesetzt der Elektrodynamik. (Vorgetragen in d. Niederrhein. Gesellschaft f. Natur- und Heilkunde am 6. december 1875 und mitgetheilt vom Hrn. Vefasser).
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1875. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 156, No 12 . Pp. 497-668 a. 1 plate. Clausius' paper: pp. 657-660. With titlepage to volume 156. A nick to inner margin of titlepage.
First appearance of Clausius first paper on electrodynamics in which he replaced Weber's Law with another that would not give an unwanted force between charge and current.""Clausius’ major effort in mathematical physics after 1875 involved his quest for an adequate electrodynamic theory. He spelled out the fundamental tenets to his approach in 1875: (Weber’s law was incorrect for the case where only one kind of electricity is assumed to move, since the equation entails that a current exert a force on a charge at rest" (2) a revision would be possible if one assumed that the electrodynamic action occurred via an intervening medium, for then electric particles that are not moving relative to each other (moving at equal velocities) could still exert forces on one another by virtue of their absolute motion in the medium" forces should not be restricted to the line joining two charges. In 1876 Clausius simplified the equation he had previously proposed by subjecting it to the condition of the conservation of energy. In doing so, however, he ignored the possibility that energy changes might occur in the intervening medium.""(DSB).
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - THE HEATH-DEATH OF THE UNIVERSE - ESTABLISHING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
Reference : 43057
(1854)
Ueber eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptgesatzes der mechanichen Wärmetheorie.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1854. No wrappers as extracted from: ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd. 3, (= Poggendorff Bd. 93, No. 12). Pp. 481-506. Clean and fine.
First printing of this milestone paper in thermodynamics, which together with his paper from 1850, established the second law of thermodynamics. In the offered paper Clausius introduces the symbol T for the universal function of temperature (a + 1) and he introduces the concept of ""entropy"" (the greek word for 'transformation'), but without using the word (Clausius introduced the word later in 1865), he calls this new theorem ""the principle of the equivalence of transformations"". This principle paints a dramatic picture of the end of the world, the so-called ""heath-death of the universe"".""Entropy, on the other hand, of the complementary experience of water seeking its own level, of hot bodies cooling, of springs untensing, of magnetism wearing off and electrical charges leaking away, of a destiny suchThat no life lives forever" - That dead men rise up never" that even the weariest river Winds somewhere safe to sea: a world getting old and running down.""(Gillespie in ""The edge of Objectivity"" p. 400-01.).""Clausius discovered that if he took the ratio of the heat content of a system and its absolute temperature, this ration would always increase in any process taken place in a closed system. (A closed system is one that loses no energy to the outside world and gains no energy from it.) With perfect efficiency, which is never realized in the real world, of course, the ratio would remain constant, but i would never, under any circumstances, decrease.""(Asimov). - Parkinson: Breakthroughs 1854 C.
Ueber verschiedene für die Anwendung bequeme Formen der Hauptgleichungen der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. (Vorgetragen in der naturfor. Gesellsch. zu Zürich den 24. April 1865).
(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1865). Without wrappers in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Fünfte Reihe Bd.5, Stück 3 (= Poggendorff Bd. 125, No. 9). Pp. 353-512 a. 2 plates (the entire ""Heft"" (Stück) 3 offered). Clausius's paper: pp. 353-400. Clean and fine.
First printing of this classic paper on the thermodynamical laws in which Clausius coined the word ENTROPY as the short term for his formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. At the end of the paper he concluded in his famous couplet for the two laws of thermodynamics that 1. The energy of the universe is constant. 2. The entropy of the universe tends toward a maximum (""1) Die Energie der Welt ist constant. 2) Die Entropie der Welt strebt einem Maximum zu.""(p. 400 in the paper offered). The paper treats the connection between the first and secon law, and deals with the application of entropy to the universe. ""The function which was introduced into thermodynamics by Clausius under the name of entropy had already been used and some of its properties studied by Rankin and Lord Kelvin, but owing to his giving it its name and to his development of its properties it is commonly ascribed to him.""(Magie in ""A Source Book of Physics"", p. 234).
Ueber einen Grundsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie. (The mechanical theory of heat). (Vorgetragen am 25. August 1863 in der zu Samaden abgehaltenes Versammlung der schweizerischen naturforschenden Gesellscahft).
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1863. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 120, No.11. Pp. 337-512 a. 2 plates. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 426-452. With titlepage to volume 120.
First appearance of one of Clausius' importent papers in which he gives further proofs of the Second Law of thermodynamics.""Clausius discovered that if he took the ratio of the heat content of a system and its absolute temperature, this ration would always increase in any process taken place in a closed system. (A closed system is one that loses no energy to the outside world and gains no energy from it.) With perfect efficiency, which is never realized in the real world, of course, the ratio would remain constant, but i would never, under any circumstances, decrease.""(Asimov).
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF). - RADIANT HEAT AND THE SECOND THERMODYNAMIC LAW.
Reference : 45076
(1864)
Ueber die Concentration von Wärme- und Lichtstrahlen und die gränzen ihrer Wirkung. (Vorgetragen in der Züricher naturforschenden Gesellschaft am 22. Juni 1863).
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1864. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 121, No 1. Pp. 1-192 a. 2 plates. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 1-44. With titlepage to volume 121.
First apperance of an importent paper in which Clausius shows that radiant heat is not an exception to the Second Law of Thermodynamics"" - it is and answer to some suggested counter-entropic processes.""In 1864 he answered it in a long and detailled paper in which he made use of Kirchhoff's recent work on heat or blackbody radiation. Clausius' conclusion was unambiguous: radiant heat was no exception to the second law and it could not provide a means for escaping the heat death.""(Helge Kragh ""Matter and Spirit in the universe.."", p. 48.
Über die Intensität des durch die Atmosphäre reflectirten Sonnenlichts.
Berlin, G. Reimer, 1848. 4to. In the original printed wrappers, without back strip. In ""Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik"", 36. band, Heft 3, 1848. Entire third heft offered. Fine and clean. Pp. 185-244. [Entire volume: Pp. 185-282 + 3 plates.].
First printing of Clausius early and important paper on the influence of the atmosphere on sunlights.""In one paper, dealing mainly with the problem of reflected light in the sky, Clausius’ distinctive approach to many physical questions was already apparent: an excellent grasp of the fundamental facts and equations relevant to the phenomena, a microscopic model to account for them, and an attempt to correlate the two with mathematics. For example, Clausius imagined that the blue color of the sky arose from the preferential reflection of blue light from thin films of water. He postulated, therefore, the existence of water bubbles in the earth’s atmosphere and investigated mathematically the requisite conditions of number, size, and thickness."" (DSB).
"CLAUSIUS, R. (RUDOLF) - FOUNDING MODERN TECHNICAL THERMODYNAMICS.
Reference : 43529
(1856)
Ueber die Anwendung der mechanischen Wärmetheorie auf die Dampfmaschine.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1856. Conemp. hcalf. 5 raised bands, gilt spine and gilt lettering to spine. A few scratches to spine. Small stamp on verso of first -and general- titlepage and small stamps to verso of plates. In: ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Vierte Reihe Bd. 7, (=Poggendorff Bd. 97). (2),X,644 pp. a. 5 folded engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Internally clean and fine. Clausius paper (in 2 parts): pp. 441-476 a. pp. 513-558. Clean and fine.
First appearance of this groundbreaking paper in which Clausius applied the second law of thermodynamics to the working of the steem-engine and stated, what he called the ""second fundamental theorem in the mechanical theory of heat"", the concept of ""equivalent-value"", which is the precursory formulation of the concept of ""entropy"". He showed especially that the heat of the steem could be negative as well as positive, thereby laying the foundation of modern technological thermodynamics. The volume contains other notable papers:THOMSON, W. (Lord Kelvin) & J.P. JOULE: ""Ueber die Wärmewirkung bewegter Flüssigkeiten"" (On the Thermal Effects of Fluids in Motion"" (1853). Pp. 576-414.This is the first German edition of a classic paper on thermodynamics, in which Thomson and Joule announced the so-called JOULE-THOMSON EFFECT (or Joule-Kelvin Effect), describing the increase or decrease in temperature of a real gas or liquid when allowed to expand freely through a valve or other throtting device while kept insulated so that heat is transferred to or from the fluid, and no external mechanical work is extracted from the fluid.R. KOHLRAUSCH: ""Ueber die elektrischen Vorgänge bei der Elektrolyse."" Pp. 397-414 a. 559-575 (in 2 parts).Frst printing of this importent paper, stating the fundamental facts of electrolyses and describing the theory of the ""TANGENT GALVANOMETER"", which Kohlrausch and Weber used to determine the electromagnetic value of the discharge current when a Leyden jar is discharged through the galvanometer. The ratio of the measured speed and the speed of light, led Kirchhoff to state in 1857 that an electric disturbance was propagated along a perfectly conducting wire at the velocity of light.Wheeler Gift No. 3002.
Ueber das mechanische Aequivalent einer elektrischen Entladung und die dabei stattfindende Erwärmung des Leitungsdrahtes.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1852. Without wrappers as issued in ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", 86. Bd., Drittes Stúck (""Heft"" No 7, 1852). Entire issue offered. Pp. 337-500. Clausius' paper: pp. 337-375. Clean and fine.
First appearance of one of Clausius' early papers on the first and second Law of Thermodynamics, marking his rejection of the caloric theory of heat, providing a new mechanical explanation of the concepts of free and latent heat.
Ueber einen neuen mechanischen Satz in Bezug auf stationäre Bewegungen. (Vorgetragen in der Niederrheinischen Gesellschaft für Natur-und Heilkunde am 16. Juni 1873" mitgetheilt vom Hrn. Vefasser).
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1873. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 150, No.9. Pp. 1-176 a. 2 plates. (Entire issue offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 106-130. With titlepage to volume 150.
First apperance of an importent paper in which Clausius explains the concepts of 'disgregation' and 'ergon' in terms of Hamilton's Principle of Least Action.
Ueber die Anordnung der Elektricität auf einer einzelnen sehr dünnen Platte und auf den beiden Belegungen einer Franklin'schen Tafel.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1852. Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Bd. 86, No 6. Pp. 161-336 a. 1 plate. Clausius' paper: pp. 161-205. With titlepage to volume 86.
An early paper on electrodynamics in which Clausius determines the ""Potentialfunktion"", introduced by George Green in 1828 . The issue contains also Plúcker un Geissler's importent paper ""Studien über Thermometrie und verwandte Gegenstände"", pp. 238-279.""The first account of Geissler’s activity dates from 1852, when, with Julius Plücker, at Bonn, he constructed his famous standard thermometers. They differed from the thermometers then in use by their thin glass, by the application of capillarity, and by their high precision. For calibrating he used his new glass balance that had a sensitivity of 0.1 mg. of mercury.""(DSB).
Ueber den Satz vom mittleren Ergal und seine Anwendungen auf die Molecularbewegungen der Gase. (Vertragen in der Niederrheinischen Gesellschaft für Natur- und Heilkunde am 9. November 1874).
(Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1876) Without wrappers. In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Hrsg. von J.C. Poggendorff"", Ergänzungsband VII, Stück 2. Pp. 177-336 a. 1 folded engraved plate. (Entire issue offered). Clausius's paper: pp. 215-280. Clean and fine.
First appearance of an importent contribution to the second law of thermodynamics.""Ckausius..devoted several years to the elaboration of what he thought represented a new and unique contribution to theoretical mechanics, his idea of a variation in the force function itself. He ignored the new directions in Boltzmann's yhought and, surprisingly, never once thought to find a mechanical explanation for the irreversible increase in entropy. In fact in his final attempt (the paper offered), he even adopted a model in which he reduced the admittedly disordered collissions of molecules to a case of noncolliding mass points in ordered motion.""(DSB III, p. 309).
Über den Zweiten Hauptsatz de mechanischen Wärmetheorie. Ein Vortrag, gehalten in einder allgemeinen Sitzung der 41. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte zu Frankfurt a. M. am 23. September 1867.
Braunschweig, Vieweg und Sohn, 1867. Uncut in original printed wrappers. Wrappers a bit soiled. (4),17 pp. With some faint marginal dampstains. On top of htitle the signature of ""Max Laue/ 22.1.1897"" in pencil.
First edition. Clausius established the second law of thermodynamics in papers fra 1850 and 1854, and coined the concept of ""entropy"" in 1865. In this paper he explains the consequences of entropy - ""Die Entropie der Welt strebt einem Maximum zu"" (p. 17).
Ueber das Wesen der Wärme, vergleichen mit Licht und Schall. Ein populäret Vortrag gehalten zu Zürich den 12. Februar 1857.
Zürich, Meyer & Zeller, 1857. Uncut in orig. printed wrappers. Some browning to upper wrapper. S tamp on title-page. 31 pp. Scattered brownspots. From the library of Max v. Laue, having his stamp on top of upper wrapper ""M. Laue"".
First edition of Clausius' popular account of his dynamical theory of heat (the second law of thermodynamics).
"CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF. - INTRODUCING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS.
Reference : 53436
(1850)
Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen.
Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1850. Contemp. marbled boards. Gilt spine, titlelabel with gilt lettering. Light wear to spineends, corners and edges. Stamps on title-page (Gusstahlfabrik Fried. Krupp). In ""Annalen der Physik und Chemie"", Dritte Reihe, 19. Band (79. Band der ganzen Reihe). IX,(1),580 pp. and 3 folded engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Endpapers and the first and last few leaves with brownspots. Clausius's paper: pp. 368-397 a. pp. 500-524. Internally clean.
First edition of this monumental, famous paper in thermodynamics in which Clausius for the first time states the Second Law of Thermodynamics, one of the most importent laws of Nature having a huge impact on the development of physical theory, cosmology, communications and information theory. The law states that a) the energy of the Universe is constant, and b) the Entropy of the Universe tends to a maximum.""Clausius' contribution to thermostatics is comparable to those of Newton and Maxwell to mechanics and electromagnetism, respectively. In the obituary J.W. Gibbs remarked that Clausiu's first memoir ""marks an epoch in the history of physics....."""" (Chowdhury and Stauffer in ""Principles of Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics"").In ""The Nature of the Physical World"" Eddington writes: ""The Law that entropy increases - the Second Law of Thermodynamics - holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the Universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations - then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation - well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the Second Law of Thermodynamics I can give You no hope"" there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation."".Parkinson ""Breakthroughs"", 1850 P.
CLAUSIUS, RUDOLF. - INTRODUCING THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN FRENCH.
Reference : 53454
(1852)
Sur la Puissance motrice de la chaleur" par M. Clausius. Extraits par M. Verdet. (Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme....).
Paris, Victor Masson, 1852. 8vo. Contemp. hcalf. Raised bands, gilt spine. A bit rubbed along edges. One hinge starting. In: ""Annales de Chimie et de Physique"", 3ieme Serie, Tome 35. 512 pp. a. 2 folded engraved plates. (Entire volume offered). Clausius' paper: pp. 482-503. Stamp to verso of titlepage. Faint scattered brownspots.
First French version of this monumental, famous paper in thermodynamics in which Clausius for the first time states the Second Law of Thermodynamics, one of the most importent laws of Nature having a huge impact on the development of physical theory, cosmology, communications and information theory. The law states that a) the energy of the Universe is constant, and b) the Entropy of the Universe tends to a maximum.The volume contains further importent papers, extracts of HERMANN HELMHOLTZ announcement of his invention of the Ophthalmoscope, pp. 125-126 with a drawing of its construction. WILLIAM THOMSON (Lord Kelvin) ""Examen de la Theorie de la puissance motrice de la chaleur... (On the Dynamical Theory of Heat)"", pp. 248-255. A founding paper in Thermodynamics. - JAMES JOULE ""Mémoire sur les Changements de temperature produits par la Condensation et la Raréfaction de l'air"" and ""Sur l'équivalent mécanique de la chaleur"" (The conservation of energy-paper), pp. 118-125 a. 1 plate.
