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Origins of Christianity in the Calendar Wars of the Second Century BCE
, Brepols, 2025 Paperback, 325 pages, Size:156 x 234 mm, Illustrations:2 tables b/w., Language: English. *new ISBN 9782503613062.
Summary In the Gospels Jesus is called a 'Nazarene' or 'Nazoraean'. Does this mean he came from Nazareth? Basing himself on Lidzbarski's analysis of the Hebrew/Aramaic origins of the Greek terms Nazar nos and Naz raios Dr Osborne proposes that these epithets indicate that Jesus was a n ?r , a '(Strict) Keeper/Guardian (of the Law)'. This meant he was a follower of the 364-day liturgical calendar known to us from 1 Enoch, Jubilees, and Qumran. An examination of the passages where these terms appear shows that this hypothesis leads to a deeper understanding of the circumstances in which the first Christian communities arose and clarifies greatly the background of Jesus' crucifixion as Y?? ha-N ?r . The book then traces the influence of the n ?r m on the history of Israel from their origin in the 'calendar wars' that tore apart the Jewish nation from 172-163 BCE. These broke out after the lunisolar calendar was introduced into the temple liturgy by Menelaus the high priest, and only came to an end when the 364-day calendar was reintroduced under his successor, Alcimus. In 151 BCE, however, Jonathan Maccabaeus was appointed high priest and reintroduced the lunisolar calendar. The n ?r m were suppressed and forced to emigrate or go underground. They reappear as leaders of Jewish resistance to Roman occupation after Pompey incorporated Judaea into the empire in 63 BCE. Eventually they became the chief instigators of the revolt against Rome that led to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. Osborne argues that the n ?r m thought to have been included in the Twelfth Benediction of the Amidah at Yavneh around 90 CE are these same '(Strict) Keepers/Guardians (of the Law)'. TABLE OF CONTENTS General Introduction and Summary Part One Chapter 1. Introduction: Jesus the Nazarene and Nazoraean Chapter 2. The Meaning of Nazoraean and Nazarene in the New Testament Chapter 3. Jesus as a 'Notsri' in the Gospels Chapter 4. The Nazoraeans in Acts Chapter 5. Conclusion: The Nazarenes and Nazoraeans are Notsrim, 'Keepers (of the Law)' Part Two Chapter 6. Introduction: The Two Calendars and their Characteristics Chapter 7. Onias III (185? - 175 BCE) Chapter 8. Jason (175-172 BCE) Chapter 9. Menelaus (172-163 BCE) Chapter 10. Alcimus (163-159 BCE) Chapter 11. The Unnamed High Priest (159-151 BCE) Chapter 12. Jonathan Maccabeus (152-142 BCE) Chapter 13. The Story that Could Not Be Told Part Three Chapter 14. Introduction Chapter 15. The Hasidim as Notsrim Chapter 16. The 'Fourth Philosophy' and the Sicarii Chapter 17. The Fourth Philosophy and the Notsrim Chapter 18. Summary and Conclusions Part Four Chapter 19. Introduction Chapter 20. The Notsrim Live on in the Liturgy of the Synagogue Chapter 21. The Birkat ha-m n m in Christian Sources Abbreviations for Editions of Biblical and Non-Biblical Texts, Works of Reference, and Journals Bibliography
Cosmic Liturgy: Qumran's 364-Day Calendar
, Brepols, 2019 Paperback, xx + 330 pages, Size:156 x 234 mm, Illustrations:3 tables b/w., Language: English. ISBN 9782503584270.
Summary This work shows how the importance of Sunday, Wednesday, and Friday in the 364-day Qumran calendar is based on the Priestly creation narrative in Genesis and the myth of a cosmic covenant established between God and the angels on the first day. The myth of the apostasy of the angels guiding the seven planets was used to explain the discrepancy between the 364-day calendar and observation. The Epistle of Jude makes it possible to situate this work in relation to both Jubilees and the Book of the Watchers and confirms the use of the 364-day calendar in the earliest years of the nascent Church.
