‎Jean Granier‎
‎L'électron‎

‎Ersetzung der Hypothese vom unmechanishen Zwang durch eine Forderung bezüglich des inneren Verhaltens jades einzelnen Elektrons. - [DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON SPIN]‎

‎Berlin, Springer, 1925. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with paper label with handwritten title to spine. In ""Die Naturwissenschaften"", Vol. 30, 1925. Library stamp to title page, otherwise fine and clean. Pp. 953-954. [Entire volume: XXIII, (1), 1092, 44 pp.].‎

‎First printing of this landmark paper in which electron spin was first announced. ""Ehrenfest had suggested that he work with a fellow student, Goudsmit, who already was an expert on atomic spectra. The two of them wrote a paper on the spectrum of hydrogen, giving an improved interpretation involving half-integer quantum numbers. Then came their great discovery: electron spin. The quantum numbers they had assigned implied that the electron must have another degree of freedom"" it must be rotating. With this idea everything fell into place. They published first a short note and then, at the encouragement of Niels Bohr, who visited Leiden shortly after their discovery, a longer paper that appeared in Nature. The origin of the spin-orbit interaction was apparently suggested by Albert Einstein, who also visited Leiden at the time and pointed out that in its rest frame, the electron sees an orbiting nucleus and hence a magnetic field. There remained an awkward factor of two in the spin precession rate. This was soon explained as a relativistic effect in an elegant paper by Llewellen H. Thomas. In their third and final paper on electron spin, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck summarized these results and gave what has become the accepted interpretation of electron spin and atomic spectra."" (DSB)The discovery of electron spin was proposed as an explanation for the Stern-Gerlach experiment. In this experiment a beam of silver atoms was allowed to pass through an inhomogeneous magnetic field. When the magnetic field was on, the beam of silver atoms split into two parts, one deflected up and the other deflected down. In 1925, Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, both graduate students at the time, proposed an explanation for the Stern-Gerlach experiment by postulating that the electron possesses an intrinsic angular momentum, referred to as ""spin"".This intrinsic angular momentum gives rise to a magnetic moment in the electron that interacts with magnetic fields. The electron spin and the related magnetic moment are quantized such that there are only two possible discrete values. This quantization of the magnetic moment is what leads to the deflection of the beam of silver atoms either up or down in the inhomogeneous magnetic field. Their insight furnished a missing link leading to the final triumph of the then-struggling birth of quantum mechanics.‎

‎The Kinematics of an Electron with an Axis.‎

‎London, Taylor and Francis, 1927. Contemp. full cloth. Stamped in blind on titlepage. In: ""The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"", Vol. III, Seventh Series. X,1360 pp., textillustr. and 19 plates. (Entire volume offered). Thomas' paper: pp. 1-22. Internally clean and fine.‎

‎First printing - in full - of Thomas' paper on electron spin. The Thomas factor gives a correction to the spin-orbit interaction in quantum mechanics, which takes into account the relativistic time dilation between the electron and the nucleus of an atom.""In February 1926 the missing factor two was supplied (Nature vol. 117) by Llewellyn Thomas and has since been known as the Thomas factor. Thomas noted that earlier calculations of the precession of the electronic spin had been performed in the rest frame of the electron, without taking into account the precession of the electron orbit around its normal. Inclusion of this relativistic effect reduces the angular velocity of the electron (as seen by the nucleus) by the needed factor 1/2. Einstein was surprised. Pauli became converted."" (Pais ""Inward Bound"", p. 279).‎

‎JEOL News. Electron. Optics. Instruments - Application. Volume 11e. Number 2. ‎

‎JEOL LTD. Revue 1973 Revue in-4 agraffée, 27pp., nombreuses illustrations, entre autres : Scanning electron microscopy of lunar material ; Electron fractograph of fatigue fracture surface of bearing steel ; Some applications of the freeze method with cryo-unit in scanning electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy of rat liver... ; bon état, good condition Livraison a domicile (La Poste) ou en Mondial Relay sur simple demande.‎

‎The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel. - [ELECTRON DIFFRACTION - NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1937.]‎

‎London, Macmillian and Co, 1927. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary half cloth with whilte title paper-label to spine. In ""Nature"", vol. 119, 1927, entire volume offered. Stamp to front free end-paper and title-pages of each issue.Light wear to extremieies, otherwise fine. Pp. 558-560. [Entire volume: LIX, (1), 948, 100].‎

‎First edition of this seminal and highly influential paper on electron diffraction. Today the paper is regarded as one of the most important in the entire journal of Nature, and it led directly to Davisson receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. It advanced understanding of physics at the quantum level and led to inventions such as the electron microscope. Davisson and Germer's confirmation of the de Broglie hypothesis if today known as the Davisson-Germer experiment.""Davisson's investigations on the scattering of electrons entered a new phase when, in April 1925, his taget was heavily oxidized by an accidental explosion of a liquid-air bottle. He cleaned the target by prolonged heating and then found the distribution-inangle of the secondary electrons completely changed, new showing a strong dependence on crystal direction. Prior to the accident the target had consisted of many tiny crystals, but heating converted it to several large crystals. Davisson and L. H. Germer, who had replaced Kunsman before the accident, at once began bombarding targets of single crystals. [...] When Davisson returned from England, he and Germer began a systematic research for some sort of interference phenomenon, and in January 1927 they observed electron beams resulting from diffraction by a single crystal of nickle. The results were in good agreement with de Broglie's prediction. For his confirmation of electron waves Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937 with G. P. Thomson."" (DSB, III, 597b-598a).‎

‎The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel. - [ELECTRON DIFFRACTION - NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1937.]‎

‎London, Macmillian and Co, 1927. Royal8vo. Bound in a nice black full cloth with title, year and exlibris (Grosvenor Library) in gilt on spine. The entire volume 119, 1927, of ""Nature"" offered. Pasted library stamp to pasted down free front end-paper. Binding tight, clean and externally as well as internally. Pp. 558-560. [Entire volume: LIX, (1), 948, 100].‎

‎First edition of this seminal and highly influential paper on electron diffraction. Today the paper is regarded as one of the most important in the entire journal of Nature, and it led directly to Davisson receiving the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. It advanced understanding of physics at the quantum level and led to inventions such as the electron microscope. Davisson and Germer's confirmation of the de Broglie hypothesis if today known as the Davisson-Germer experiment.""Davisson's investigations on the scattering of electrons entered a new phase when, in April 1925, his taget was heavily oxidized by an accidental explosion of a liquid-air bottle. He cleaned the target by prolonged heating and then found the distribution-inangle of the secondary electrons completely changed, new showing a strong dependence on crystal direction. Prior to the accident the target had consisted of many tiny crystals, but heating converted it to several large crystals. Davisson and L. H. Germer, who had replaced Kunsman before the accident, at once began bombarding targets of single crystals. [...] When Davisson returned from England, he and Germer began a systematic research for some sort of interference phenomenon, and in January 1927 they observed electron beams resulting from diffraction by a single crystal of nickle. The results were in good agreement with de Broglie's prediction. For his confirmation of electron waves Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937 with G. P. Thomson."" (DSB, III, 597b-598a).‎