‎PAXMAN JEREMY‎
‎THE ENGLISH‎

‎Letters Concerning The English Nation. - [A KEY WORK OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY]‎

‎London, 1733. 8vo. Bound in a lovely, contemporary English Cambridge-style full calf binding with a plain spine with five raised bands. Spine a bit cracked vertically and with minor loss to capitals. Corners a bit bumped and adges of boards a bit worn. Binding overall nice and tight. Small damp stain at the lower blank corner of the first few leaves, otherwise a very good, clean copy on thick, crisp paper. (16, -including preface, contents, advertisements), 253, (1), (18, -Index) pp.‎

‎The important actual first edition of this highly celebrated key work of the Enlightenment, in which the anecdote of how Newton discovered gravity (the story about Newton and the falling apple) appeared for the first time, together with the description of the difference between the physical world view of the English and the French (the ""plenum"" and the ""vacuum""). This seminal work, in which Voltaire famously depicts British philosophy, science, society and culture, in comparison to French, can be viewed as the Enlightenment equivalent to Tocqueville's ""Democracy in America"". This series of essays, which is based on Voltaire's experiences when living in England, was actually written by Voltaire mostly in English, which he mastered to perfection. It has often been presumed that the first edition of the work was that published in French in 1734, but actually, the present English edition constitutes the actual first appearance of the work as well as the version that is closest to Voltaire's intention, as the French language version is the re-written one, and the English version the original. Curiously, almost all modern English versions are translations into English of the French edition, instead of the original English version, making this edition of the utmost importance.After the original English edition of 1733, two French editions soon followed (the first in 1734). Unlike the British, the French resented the book, and already in 1734, the French Parliament issued an order for the author's arrest and condemned the work, causing the impact of it in France to be delayed. The book was burned for being ""dangerous to religion and civil order"". At the same time, the work became a bestseller in Britain, and as much as 14 editions of the work were published in the eighteenth century. ""Inspired by Voltaire's two-year stay in England (1726-8), this is one of the key works of the Enlightenment. Exactly contemporary with Gulliver's Travels and The Beggar's Opera, Voltaire's controversial pronouncements on politics, philosophy, religion, and literature have placed the Letters among the great Augustan satires. Voltaire wrote most of the book in English, in which he was fluent and witty, and it fast became a bestseller in Britain. He re-wrote it in French as the Lettres philosophiques, and current editions in English translate his French."" (Nicholas Cronk, Introduction to the Oxford's Classics edition from 1999).The great French philosopher Voltaire was greatly impressed by the philosophical and scientific achievements of the English, especially those of Newton, Locke, and Bacon. As a disseminator of scientific knowledge, Voltaire came to play a great rôle in the popularization of Newtonian science and its discoveries, the present work being a prime example. Although the work was condemned by the French authorities, it still came to play a great rôle in the spreading of Newtonian ideas in France. The present work generally came to play a dominant rôle in Enlightenment accounts of the history of science and philosophy. The work focuses on British science and thought and uses the accounts of these to emphasize what is lacking in French society and French thought. The work is generally very critical towards the French ""ancient régime"", and when Voltaire here discusses the emergence of empiricism, it is viewed as an English tradition that stands in opposition to the French rationalist tradition (with Descartes as the prime example). This view is taken over by the following Enlightenment historians of science and philosophy, e.g. d'Alembert (see for instance his ""Preliminary Discourse"" of 1751). Some of the most influential passages of the work are probably those on Bacon (who Voltaire sees as the founder of modern experimental science), Newton, and Descartes. Letters XIV, on Descartes and Newton, XV, on attraction, and XVI, on Newton's Optics (from 1704), are among the most influential essays of the work. In XVI Voltaire reflects upon Newton's ""Optics"" and the way that he rejected Descartes' theory and set out his own account of the properties of light. In XV he presents the first account of Newton and the falling apple: ""As he was walking one Day in his Garden, and saw some Fruits fall from a Tree, he fell into profound Meditation on that Gravity, the Cause of which had so long been sought, but in vain, by all the Philosophers, whilst the Vulgar think there is nothing mysterious in it. He said to himself, that from what height soever, in our Hemisphere, those Bodies might descend, their Fall wou'd certainly be in the Progression discover'd by Galileo" and the Spaces they run thro' would be as the Square of the Times. Why may not this Power which causes heavy Bodies to descend, and is the fame without any sensible Diminution at the remotest Distance from the Center of the Earth, or on the Summits of the highest Mountains" Why, said Sir Isaac, may not this Power extend as high as the Moon?..."" (pp. 127-28).But perhaps the most famous passage in the volume is the opening of Letter XIV: ""A Frenchman who arrives in London, will find Philosophy, like every Thing else, very much chang'd there. He had left the World a ""plenum"", and he now finds it a ""vacuum"". At Paris the Universe is seen, compos'd of Vortices of subtile Matter" but nothing like it is seen in London. In France, 'tis the Pressure of the Moon that causes the Tides but in England 'tis the Sea that gravitates towards the Moon" so that when you think that the Moon should make it Flood with us, those Gentlemen fancy it should be Ebb, which, very unluckily, cannot be prov'd..."" (pp. 109-10).‎

‎Letters Concerning the English Nation. - [A KEY WORK OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY]‎

‎London, C. Davis and A. Lyon, 1733. 8vo. Lovely contemporary full Cambridge-style binding with five raised bands to spine and blindstamped ornamental borders to boards. . Double gilt line-borders to boards. All edges of boards with gilt borders. Gilt title to spine. Hinges neatly and professionally re-inforced. Internally very nice, clean, and fresh. A lovely, crisp, and large copy with good margins, printed on heavy, fine paper. (16, -including preface, contents, advertisements), 253, (1), (18, -Index) pp.‎

‎The important actual first edition of this highly celebrated key work of the Enlightenment, in which the anecdote of how Newton discovered gravity (the story about Newton and the falling apple) appeared for the first time, together with the description of the difference between the physical world view of the English and the French (the ""plenum"" and the ""vacuum""). This seminal work, in which Voltaire famously depicts British philosophy, science, society and culture, in comparison to French, can be viewed as the Enlightenment equivalent to Tocqueville's ""Democracy in America"". This series of essays, which is based on Voltaire's experiences when living in England, was actually written by Voltaire mostly in English, which he mastered to perfection. It has often been presumed that the first edition of the work was that published in French in 1734, but actually, the present English edition constitutes the actual first appearance of the work as well as the version that is closest to Voltaire's intention, as the French language version is the re-written one, and the English version the original. Curiously, almost all modern English versions are translations into English of the French edition, instead of the original English version, making this edition of the utmost importance.After the original English edition of 1733, two French editions soon followed (the first in 1734). Unlike the British, the French resented the book, and already in 1734, the French Parliament issued an order for the author's arrest and condemned the work, causing the impact of it in France to be delayed. The book was burned for being ""dangerous to religion and civil order"". At the same time, the work became a bestseller in Britain, and as much as 14 editions of the work were published in the eighteenth century. ""Inspired by Voltaire's two-year stay in England (1726-8), this is one of the key works of the Enlightenment. Exactly contemporary with Gulliver's Travels and The Beggar's Opera, Voltaire's controversial pronouncements on politics, philosophy, religion, and literature have placed the Letters among the great Augustan satires. Voltaire wrote most of the book in English, in which he was fluent and witty, and it fast became a bestseller in Britain. He re-wrote it in French as the Lettres philosophiques, and current editions in English translate his French."" (Nicholas Cronk, Introduction to the Oxford's Classics edition from 1999).The great French philosopher Voltaire was greatly impressed by the philosophical and scientific achievements of the English, especially those of Newton, Locke, and Bacon. As a disseminator of scientific knowledge, Voltaire came to play a great rôle in the popularization of Newtonian science and its discoveries, the present work being a prime example. Although the work was condemned by the French authorities, it still came to play a great rôle in the spreading of Newtonian ideas in France. The present work generally came to play a dominant rôle in Enlightenment accounts of the history of science and philosophy. The work focuses on British science and thought and uses the accounts of these to emphasize what is lacking in French society and French thought. The work is generally very critical towards the French ""ancient régime"", and when Voltaire here discusses the emergence of empiricism, it is viewed as an English tradition that stands in opposition to the French rationalist tradition (with Descartes as the prime example). This view is taken over by the following Enlightenment historians of science and philosophy, e.g. d'Alembert (see for instance his ""Preliminary Discourse"" of 1751). Some of the most influential passages of the work are probably those on Bacon (who Voltaire sees as the founder of modern experimental science), Newton, and Descartes. Letters XIV, on Descartes and Newton, XV, on attraction, and XVI, on Newton's Optics (from 1704), are among the most influential essays of the work. In XVI Voltaire reflects upon Newton's ""Optics"" and the way that he rejected Descartes' theory and set out his own account of the properties of light. In XV he presents the first account of Newton and the falling apple: ""As he was walking one Day in his Garden, and saw some Fruits fall from a Tree, he fell into profound Meditation on that Gravity, the Cause of which had so long been sought, but in vain, by all the Philosophers, whilst the Vulgar think there is nothing mysterious in it. He said to himself, that from what height soever, in our Hemisphere, those Bodies might descend, their Fall wou'd certainly be in the Progression discover'd by Galileo" and the Spaces they run thro' would be as the Square of the Times. Why may not this Power which causes heavy Bodies to descend, and is the fame without any sensible Diminution at the remotest Distance from the Center of the Earth, or on the Summits of the highest Mountains" Why, said Sir Isaac, may not this Power extend as high as the Moon?..."" (pp. 127-28).But perhaps the most famous passage in the volume is the opening of Letter XIV: ""A Frenchman who arrives in London, will find Philosophy, like every Thing else, very much chang'd there. He had left the World a ""plenum"", and he now finds it a ""vacuum"". At Paris the Universe is seen, compos'd of Vortices of subtile Matter" but nothing like it is seen in London. In France, 'tis the Pressure of the Moon that causes the Tides but in England 'tis the Sea that gravitates towards the Moon" so that when you think that the Moon should make it Flood with us, those Gentlemen fancy it should be Ebb, which, very unluckily, cannot be prov'd..."" (pp. 109-10).‎

‎A dictionary English, German and French, Containing not only the English words in their Alphabetical Order, together with their several significations but also their proper accent, phrases (...) - Englisch-Teutsch-Franzosisch Lexicon, worinnen nicht... - [FIRST EDITION OF THE FIRST ENGLISH/GERMAN DICTIONARY]‎

‎Leipzig, Thomas Fritschen, 1706. 4to. In contemporary full vellum with yapp edges and gilt lettering to spine. All edges coloured in red. Light wear to extremities. Ex-libris (Carl Juel, Danish statesman and owner of Valdemar's Castle) pasted on to pasted down front end-paper. Two-line note in contemporary hand to front free end-paper. First 5 leaves evenly browned. A very nice and clean copy. (14), 786 pp. + frontispiece depicting Sophia Electress of Hanover, Hereditary Princess of England, mother of George I.‎

‎The very rare first edition of this important and influential first English/German dictionary: “Thus when, in 1706, Ludwig inaugurated the history of bilingual German/English lexicography, it was as a somewhat late first entrant to the history of bilingual dictionaries among what we might today consider the ‘major’ languages of Europe, and certainly notably later than English–French, English–Spanish, English–Italian and English–Dutch lexicography. It is telling that Ludwig had recourse to the older practice of adapting an existing bilingual source. There were as yet no monolingual German dictionaries on which to draw.” (McLelland, Christian Ludwig (1660–1728) and the beginnings of German/English lexicography) Ludwig’s dictionary was not only the first but also so good it was do dominate the market for an entire century. The first leaves comprise a long dedication to Sophia, Electress of Hanover. For a time it looked as if she was to succeed to the throne of England, hence the relative sudden interest in Germany of such a dictionary. Sophia died less than two months before she would have become Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Consequently, her son George I became King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714. “Dedicating his 1706 dictionary to Sophia, Electoral Princess and duchess-dowager of Hanover, Ludwig remarked on the change in Anglo-German relations from previous entfremdung und widerwillen (‘alienation and antipathy’) to eine erwünschte vereinigung (‘a desired unification’) through the anticipated royal dynastic connection. In 1716 Ludwig similarly pointed out that his German–English dictionary was timely (‘an der zeit’), since the ascent of the Hanoverian George I to the throne in 1714 meant English and German people were now ‘würcklich verknüpfft’ (‘really connected’). (McLelland, Christian Ludwig (1660–1728) and the beginnings of German/English lexicography). It was reprinted in 1736, 1763 and 1791.‎

‎The Universal English Dictionary of the English Language. In English (ask us if in doubt)./The Universal English Diction‎

‎The Universal English Dictionary of the English Language. In English (ask us if in doubt)./The Universal English Dictionary of the English Language. Edited by Henry Cecil Wyld. With an Appendix by Hugh Buss M.A. (Cantab.) London. Herbert Joseph Limited. 1936. XX 1440 p. SKUalb50cb8968d46fe110.‎

‎Threnoikos. The House of Mourning. Furnished with Directions for, Preparations to, Meditations of, Consolations at, the Houre of Death. Delivered in XLVII preached at the Funeralls of divers faithfull servants of Christ. - [""A MILESTONE IN THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH FUNERAL SERMON""]‎

‎London, John Dawson, 1640. Folio. In contemporary full calf with five raised bands. Small paper-label pasted on to top of spine. Extremities with wear, boards with scratches. Inner hinges split. First and last leaves slightly browning but internally generally fine and clean. Previous owner's name to title-page. (16), 448, (2), 449-647, 678-916 pp. (complete).‎

‎Exceedingly rare first edition of this classic which “stands like a milestone in the history of the English funeral sermons” (Houlbrooke, English Preachers Gathered in the House of Mourning).Patrick Collinson, historian of English puritanism, described it as “a kind of apotheosis” of the genre and is considered one of the most significant contribution to the literature on mourning and spirituality in the 17th century. “Printed funeral sermons grew in popularity in the seventeenth century" between 100 and 200 had been printed by 1647, with only 20 known to have been printed in the Elizabethan era. Their output increased from then until the turn of the eighteenth century. Funeral sermons were usually printed singly, although in 1647 a collection of 47 funeral sermons by eminent preachers was printed, entitled Threnoikos: The House of Mourning , demonstrating the popular place of the funeral sermon in the seventeenth century as a guide to leading an exemplary life, preparing for death, meditating on the next life, and responding to the death of loved ones.6 Funeral sermons thus held an important place in the memento mori tradition, and equally in the literature of exemplary reading for women. A higher proportion of funeral sermons for women were reprinted than those for men, making these interesting sources of conceptions of female piety.” (Molekamp, Femke. “Seventeenth-Century Funeral Sermons and Exemplary Female Devotion: Gendered Spaces and Histories.”) Funeral sermons in 17th century England were integral to the religious, cultural, and social fabric of the time, reflecting the prevailing beliefs, values, and practices surrounding death and mourning. Through their thematic richness, rhetorical eloquence, and pastoral sensitivity, these sermons provided comfort, guidance, and spiritual sustenance to the bereaved while reaffirming the central tenets of Christian faith. As artifacts of religious discourse and cultural expression, funeral sermons offer valuable insights into the diverse ways in which early modern English society grappled with life, death, and the afterlife.‎