‎DUFRESNE Cécile et MAISONNEUVE Thomas‎
‎DECLARATION‎

‎Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel [in Hebrew]. In: Iton Rishmi [in Hebrew],Official Gazette of Israel. - [THE BIRTH OF ISRAEL]‎

‎Tel Aviv, 14 May 1948. Folio. (4) pp. Unbound as issued. In near perfect condition.‎

‎Scarce first printing of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, the seminal historical document that establishes the first Jewish state in 2.000 years. Contained in the first issue of the Official Gazette of the Israeli provisional government, this landmark publication was printed on the first day of the birth of Israel. A bound set of ""Iton Rishmi"" reprinting this historic publication was issued later the same year. Formally entitled the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, the Israeli Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on May 14 1948, by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization, chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and, shortly after, the first Prime minister of Israel. It declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. ""The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here, their spiritual, religious, and national identity was formed. Here, they achieved independence and created a culture of national and universal significance. Here, they wrote and gave the Bible to the world.Exiled from Palestine, the Jewish people remained faithful to it in all the countries of their dispersion, never ceasing to pray and hope for their return and the restoration of their national freedom."" Thus begins the seminal historical document that constitutes one of the most important political ones of recent times. Immediately following the British army withdrawal earlier on May 14, war broke out between Jews and Arabs. Egypt launched an air assault against Israel that same evening. Despite a blackout in Tel Aviv-and the expected Arab invasion-Jews celebrated the birth of their new nation, especially after word was received that the United States had recognized the Jewish state. At midnight, the State of Israel officially came into being upon termination of the British mandate in Palestine. ""Using the American Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution as philosophical frameworks, a small group of attorneys and politicians pieced together Israel's Declaration of Independence. Other important political decisions pertaining to Jewish statehood were left until the last minute: the location of the State's capital, its final name, and how to bring together several Jewish military organizations under one command. Military operations, particularly those around the Jewish settlement at Kfar Etzion, south of Jerusalem, diverted attention from final decisions about these matters. Also pressing on David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency and future first Prime Minister of Israel,was the request by President Truman's White House asking for a formal written request for recognition.On Friday, May 14, following some debate, the National Council, established to oversee the political needs of the Jewish community in Palestine, voted to accept the final text of the Declaration. That afternoon at 4 pm, David Ben-Gurion, head of the National Council, read the Declaration at the Tel Aviv Museum. Without electricity in Jerusalem, few there heard Ben-Gurion's words or the singing and playing of 'Hatikvah,' Israel's national anthem. That morning, Ben-Gurion, uncertain about the coming war with Arab states, had his secretary secure a safety deposit box at a local bank so that the Declaration could be immediately placed there for safekeeping. The Declaration was a synopsis of Jewish history to 1948 and a statement of Israel's intent toward its inhabitants, neighbors, and the international community. It was divided into four parts: 1) a biblical, historical, and international legal case for the existence of a Jewish state in the Land of Israel" 2) the self-evident right of the Jewish people to claim statehood 3) the actual declaration of statehood" and 4) statements about how the state would operate, including an enumeration of citizen rights. In keeping with the UN Resolution that provided international legitimacy for Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, the requirement to have a constitution was stated. Israel's objective to institute a constitution was postponed indefinitely in June 1950. Noteworthy similarities and differences exist between the American and Israeli Declarations of Independence. Both declarations assert independence and the right of their populations to control their own destinies, free from legislative impositions and despotic abuses. In the Israeli case, however, immediate past history was included, and it reflected earlier Jewish catastrophes and the prospects of potential physical annihilation. Both declarations sought self- determination, liberty, and freedom derived their claims based on human and natural rights, promised safeguards for the individual, and proclaimed an interest in commerce or economic growth. The Israeli Declaration of Independence contained a list of historical claims to the land of Israel. The Declaration cited benchmark historical events when the international community sanctioned the Jewish state's legitimacy, particularly the acknowledgement to build a national home given by the League of Nations (1922) and by the United Nations (1947) to establish a Jewish state. While there were skirmishes going on between Americans and the British when the American Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, when Israel declared its independence it was in the midst of a full-fledged war for survival with the local Arab population and surrounding Arab states. The on-going war notwithstanding, the Israeli Declaration of Independence includes a declaratory statement offering ""peace and amity"" to its neighbors and the request ""to return to the ways of peace."" Both declarations made reference to a higher authority: the Israeli Declaration of Independence does not mention religion, but it closes with the phrase ""with trust in the Rock of Israel [Tzur Yisrael].""1 The choice of this phrase was Ben-Gurion's verbal compromise, made to balance strong secular and religious pressures. Any precise mention of religion might have required mention of religious practice, which could have created enormous social fragmentation in the early fragile years of the state. By contrast, the American Declaration of Independence appealed to the ""Supreme Judge, protection of the Divine."" (Ken Stein, 2008, from: israeled.org).‎

‎Déclaration des droits de l'Homme, et articles de Constitution présentés au roi, avec sa réponse du 5 Octobre soir. [Extrait des procês-verbaux de l'Assemblée Nationale, Des 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26 Aout & premier Octobre 1789. Déclaration des droit... - [""MEN ARE BORN AND REMAIN FREE AND EQUAL IN RIGHTS""]‎

‎Paris, Chez Baudouin, Imprimeur de l'Assamblée Nationale, 1789. 8vo. Bound in an exquisite later red half morocco with gilt spine. Top edge gilt. (1) f. (title-page), 8 pp. (""Déclaration des droits de l'Homme en société""), 6 pp. (""Articles de Constitution""), (1) f. (""Réponse du Roi""), (1) f. (blank). Woodcut head-pieces. Title-page slightly bowned, otherwise in excellent condition. A truly excellent copy.‎

‎The exceedingly scarce true first printing, in an incredibly rare form of off-print/separate printing, of one of the most important and influential documents in the history of mankind, namely the French Human Rights Declaration, containing also the articles for the first French Constitution. This groundbreaking publication constitutes a monumental change in the structure of the human world, providing all citizens with individual rights that we now take for granted. This monument of humanist thought appeared in the ""Procès verbal de l'Assemblée Nationale"", copies of which are also very difficult to obtain. There, however, the two parts appeared without a title-page and without the final blank, which together constitute a form of wrappers for this off-print/separate printing, of which only five or six other copies are known and which is present in merely one or two libraries world-wide. As far as we now, only one other copy has been on the private market, and that did not have the blank back wrapper. This exceedingly rare separate printing of the Human Rights Declaration, with the Constitution, was intended for the inner circle of those participating in its creation and was limited to a very restricted number of copies - all of which will have been owned by the creators of the Declaration. This epochal document is just as important today as it was when it was formulated during the French Revolution in 1789, and since 2003, the Declaration has been listed in the UNESCO Memory of World Register - ""This fundamental legacy of the French Revolution formed the basis of the United Nations Declaration of 1948 and is of universal value"". Few other documents in the history of mankind has done as much to determine the way we live and think, the way Western societies are structured and governed, and few other documents have had such a direct impact upon our constitutional rights and the way we view ourselves and others in society. It is here that we find the formulation of liberty and equality upon which so much of Western political and moral thought is based - that all ""men are born and remain free and equal in rights"" (Article 1), which were specified as the rights of liberty, private property, the inviolability of the person, and resistance to oppression (Article 2)" that all citizens were equal before the law and were to have the right to participate in legislation directly or indirectly (Article 6) no one was to be arrested without a judicial order (Article 7)" Freedom of religion (Article 10) and freedom of speech (Article 11) were safeguarded within the bounds of public ""order"" and ""law"", etc., etc.The content of the document that were to change the Western world for good emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment. ""The sources of the Declaration included the major thinkers of the French Enlightenment, such as Montesquieu, who had urged the separation of powers, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who wrote of general will-the concept that the state represents the general will of the citizens. The idea that the individual must be safeguarded against arbitrary police or judicial action was anticipated by the 18th-century parlements, as well as by writers such as Voltaire. French jurists and economists such as the physiocrats had insisted on the inviolability of private property."" (Encycl. Britt.).The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with Thomas Jefferson. In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration. On August 26, 1789, in the midst of The French Revolution, the last article of the Declaration was adopted by the National Constituent Assembly, as the first step towards a constitution for France. ""In 1789 the people of France brought about the abolishment of the absolute monarchy and set the stage for the establishment of the first French Republic. Just six weeks after the storming of the Bastille, and barely three weeks after the abolition of feudalism, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: La Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen) was adopted by the National Constituent Assembly as the first step toward writing a constitution for the Republic of France.The Declaration proclaims that all citizens are to be guaranteed the rights of ""liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression."" It argues that the need for law derives from the fact that ""...the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights."" Thus, the Declaration sees law as an ""expression of the general will,"" intended to promote this equality of rights and to forbid ""only actions harmful to the society."" (www.humanrights.com). This sensational document became the crowning achievement of the French Revolution"" it came to accelerate the overthrow of the ""Ancien Régime"" and sowed the seed of an extremely radical re-ordering of society. The Declaration interchanged the pre-revolutionary division of society -in the clergy, the aristocracy, and the common people- with a general equality - ""All the citizens, being equal in [the eyes of the law], are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents"" (From Article VI), upon which today's society is still based. It is hard to imagine a work that is more important to the foundation of the society that we live in today.‎

‎[ Recueil de 20 pièces sur Bordeaux, le Bordelais et la Guyenne: ] Bail à Claude Le Mire, fermier général de Guienne (1640) (Bail fait par le Roy à Maistre Claude Le Mire, de la Ferme des nouvelles Impositions & augmentations de droicts, Que Sa Majesté a ordonné estre livez sur aucunes danrées & marchandises, entrans & sortant par les Ports & Havres des Provinces de Guyenne, Poitou, Xaintonges & Aulnix [... ]) Chez Jacques Dugast, à l'Olivier de Robert Estienne, Paris, 1640, 15 pp. avec signature ms. par le Conseiller Secrétaire du Roy & de ses Finances (Fleuriau ?) [ Suivi de : ] Jugement de la Cour de la Bourse de Bordeaux (Extrait des Registres de la Cour de Bordeaux, avec nombreuses mentions ms., 1721), 1 f. [ Suivi de : ] Ordonnance du Conseil général des Landes concernant les prêtres réfractaires. Mont-de-Marsan (Extrait des Registres des Délibérations du Conseil Général d'Administration du Département des Landes, du 9 Janvier 1793, l'an second de la République Françoise, 1793), De l'Imprimerie d'Et.-Vincent Leclercq, Mont-de-Marsan, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Édit du Roi pour la vente des greffes du Parlement de Bordeaux (Édict du Roy pour la vente & revente des Greffes du ressort du Parlement de Bourdeaus, donné à Paris au mois de Septembre 1616), 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Lettre pastorale de Mgr l'évêque de Lescar à l'occasion des ravages causés dans son diocèse par la mortalité des bestiaux (1776), Chez P. G. Simon, Paris, 26 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Enlèvement des boues et bourriers de Bordeaux (Qualifications pour l'enlèvement des Boues et Bourriers de la Ville et ses Fauxbourgs du 12 Février 1787, 1787), Chez Michel Racle, Bordeaux, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Lettre patente du Roi à Monsieur de Tourny ( Lettres patentes du Roy, pour la confection en dernier ressort du Papier Terrier du Domaine du Roi de la Généralité de Guienne, du 15 Août 1752, 1752), Chez Jean-Baptiste Lacornée, Bordeaux, 7 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Déclaration des immeubles par les propriétaires (Pièce remplie ms. adressée à Mestre, parfumeur, 1711), 2 ff. [ Suivi de : ] Édit concernant la Cour des aides de Bordeaux (Edit du Roy portant création de deux Offices de Présidens & six Conseillers en la Cour des Aydes de Guyenne séante à Bordeaux, donné à Versailles au mois de septembre 1708, 1708), 3 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Ordonnance du Roi à Mr de Tourny (Ordonnance en forme de Réglement pour la Confection du Terrier Général des Domaines du Roy dans la Généralité de Guienne du 27 Août 1753, 1753), Chez Jean-Baptiste Lacornée, Bordeaux, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Réflexions pour le Sire de Lesparre (Réflexions pour le Sire de Lespare, Défendeur, Contre les prétendus Syndics des paroisses de Grajan, Queyrac, Gaillan, Saint-Trélodi, Saint-Germain et Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne, Demandeurs (s.d.) De l'Imprimerie de Simon de La Court, Bordeaux, 15 pp. avec mention manuscrite in fine : "Imprimé fourni par M. le Comte de Guiche Responsif au Mémoire ci-avant produit", signé "Guignet", "produit pour justifier de la requête de M. de Verthamon" [ Suivi de : ] Délibération prise pour le marais de Lesparre (an VIII [ 1798]), De l'Imprimerie de Pellier-Lawalle, 9 pp. avec qq. annotations ms. marginales [ Suivi de : ] Déclaration de guerre de la France à l'Angleterre (Ordonnance du Roy, Portant Déclaration de Guerre contre le Roy d'Angleterre, du 9 juin 1756), De l'Imprimerie de Simon de La Court, Bordeaux, 7 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Arrêt maintenant des privilèges au Duc de Richelieu (Arrest du Conseil d'Estat du Roy, Qui maintient le sieur Duc de Richelieu dans un droit de bac ou passage sur la rivière de l'Isle au port de Laubardemont, dans la Seigneurie de Coutras, generalité de Bordeaux, pour en percevoir les droits suivant le tarif inséré, du 28 Juin 1735 1735) [ Suivi de : ] Mandement de l'évêque d'Acqs à la mort de Louis XV ( Mandement de Monseigneur l'évêque d'Acqs, qui ordonne des prières publiques pour le repos de l'Ame du feu Roi, 1774), De l'Imprimerie de Lottin l'aîné, 6 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Arrêt du Roi au sujet des vins de Langon (Arresy du Conseil d'Estat du Roy, Portant Reglement au sujet des Vins de Langon & Paroisse circonvoisines, du 14 juin 1612), Chez Jean-Baptiste Lacornée, Bordeaux, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Plaidoyer de Curzay contre Brun, maire de Bordeaux, au sujet du pillage de son hôtel en 1830 (Plaidoyer prononcé pour Mr. François-Boleslas -Casimir Duval de Curzay, Ancien Préfet du département de la Gironde, Contre Mr. Joseph Brun, 1834), Chez Pierre Beaume, A Bordeaux, 36 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Édit du Roi (Portant Réunion au Corps de la Cour des Aydes de Bordeaux, des deux Offices de Presidens, & des six Offices de Conseiller..., 1711), De l'Imprimerie de N. de La Court, 7 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Renouvellement de la Chambre de Commerce de Bordeaux ( Extrait des Registres des Délibérations de la Chambre de Commerce de Bordeaux. Séances des 30 Mai, 27 Juin et 18 Juillet 1821), De l'Imprimerie d'André Brossier, 11 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Incitation au défrichement des terres incultes (Déclaration du Roi, Qui accorde des encouragements à ceux qui défricheront les Landes & autres Terres incultes, 1767), Chez Jean Chappuis, à Bordeaux, 6 pp. et 1 f. blanc‎

‎1 vol. in-4 reliure début XXe demi-basane rouge, dos à 4 nerfs orné : Bail à Claude Le Mire, fermier général de Guienne (1640) Bail fait par le Roy à Maistre Claude Le Mire, de la Ferme des nouvelles Impositions & augmentations de droicts, Que Sa Majesté a ordonné estre livez sur aucunes danrées & marchandises, entrans & sortant par les Ports & Havres des Provinces de Guyenne, Poitou, Xaintonges & Aulnix [... ] Chez Jacques Dugast, à l'Olivier de Robert Estienne, Paris, 1640, 15 pp. avec signature ms. par le Conseiller Secrétaire du Roy & de ses Finances (Fleuriau ?) [ Suivi de : ] Jugement de la Cour de la Bourse de Bordeaux [Extrait des Registres de la Cour de Bordeaux, avec nombreuses mentions ms., 1721), 1 f. [ Suivi de : ] Ordonnance du Conseil général des Landes concernant les prêtres réfractaires. Mont-de-Marsan (Extrait des Registres des Délibérations du Conseil Général d'Administration du Département des Landes, du 9 Janvier 1793, l'an second de la République Françoise, 1793), De l'Imprimerie d'Et.-Vincent Leclercq, Mont-de-Marsan, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Édit du Roi pour la vente des greffes du Parlement de Bordeaux (Édict du Roy pour la vente & revente des Greffes du ressort du Parlement de Bourdeaus, donné à Paris au mois de Septembre 1616), 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Lettre pastorale de Mgr l'évêque de Lescar à l'occasion des ravages causés dans son diocèse par la mortalité des bestiaux (1776), Chez P. G. Simon, Paris, 26 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Enlèvement des boues et bourriers de Bordeaux (Qualifications pour l'enlèvement des Boues et Bourriers de la Ville et ses Fauxbourgs du 12 Février 1787, 1787), Chez Michel Racle, Bordeaux, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Lettre patente du Roi à Monsieur de Tourny ( Lettres patentes du Roy, pour la confection en dernier ressort du Papier Terrier du Domaine du Roi de la Généralité de Guienne, du 15 Août 1752, 1752), Chez Jean-Baptiste Lacornée, Bordeaux, 7 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Déclaration des immeubles par les propriétaires (Pièce remplie ms. adressée à Mestre, parfumeur, 1711), 2 ff. [ Suivi de : ] Édit concernant la Cour des aides de Bordeaux (Edit du Roy portant création de deux Offices de Présidens & six Conseillers en la Cour des Aydes de Guyenne séante à Bordeaux, donné à Versailles au mois de septembre 1708, 1708), 3 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Ordonnance du Roi à Mr de Tourny (Ordonnance en forme de Réglement pour la Confection du Terrier Général des Domaines du Roy dans la Généralité de Guienne du 27 Août 1753, 1753), Chez Jean-Baptiste Lacornée, Bordeaux, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Réflexions pour le Sire de Lesparre (Réflexions pour le Sire de Lespare, Défendeur, Contre les prétendus Syndics des paroisses de Grajan, Queyrac, Gaillan, Saint-Trélodi, Saint-Germain et Saint-Seurin-de-Cadourne, Demandeurs (s.d.) De l'Imprimerie de Simon de La Court, Bordeaux, 15 pp. avec mention manuscrite in fine : "Imprimé fourni par M. le Comte de Guiche Responsif au Mémoire ci-avant produit", signé "Guignet", "produit pour justifier de la requête de M. de Verthamon" [ Suivi de : ] Délibération prise pour le marais de Lesparre (an VIII [ 1798]), De l'Imprimerie de Pellier-Lawalle, 9 pp. avec qq. annotations ms. marginales [ Suivi de : ] Déclaration de guerre de la France à l'Angleterre (Ordonnance du Roy, Portant Déclaration de Guerre contre le Roy d'Angleterre, du 9 juin 1756), De l'Imprimerie de Simon de La Court, Bordeaux, 7 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Arrêt maintenant des privilèges au Duc de Richelieu (Arrest du Conseil d'Estat du Roy, Qui maintient le sieur Duc de Richelieu dans un droit de bac ou passage sur la rivière de l'Isle au port de Laubardemont, dans la Seigneurie de Coutras, generalité de Bordeaux, pour en percevoir les droits suivant le tarif inséré, du 28 Juin 1735 1735) [ Suivi de : ] Mandement de l'évêque d'Acqs à la mort de Louis XV ( Mandement de Monseigneur l'évêque d'Acqs, qui ordonne des prières publiques pour le repos de l'Ame du feu Roi, 1774), De l'Imprimerie de Lottin l'aîné, 6 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Arrêt du Roi au sujet des vins de Langon (Arresy du Conseil d'Estat du Roy, Portant Reglement au sujet des Vins de Langon & Paroisse circonvoisines, du 14 juin 1612), Chez Jean-Baptiste Lacornée, Bordeaux, 8 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Plaidoyer de Curzay contre Brun, maire de Bordeaux, au sujet du pillage de son hôtel en 1830 (Plaidoyer prononcé pour Mr. François-Boleslas -Casimir Duval de Curzay, Ancien Préfet du département de la Gironde, Contre Mr. Joseph Brun, 1834), Chez Pierre Beaume, A Bordeaux, 36 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Édit du Roi (Portant Réunion au Corps de la Cour des Aydes de Bordeaux, des deux Offices de Presidens, & des six Offices de Conseiller..., 1711), De l'Imprimerie de N. de La Court, 7 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Renouvellement de la Chambre de Commerce de Bordeaux ( Extrait des Registres des Délibérations de la Chambre de Commerce de Bordeaux. Séances des 30 Mai, 27 Juin et 18 Juillet 1821), De l'Imprimerie d'André Brossier, 11 pp. [ Suivi de : ] Incitation au défrichement des terres incultes (Déclaration du Roi, Qui accorde des encouragements à ceux qui défricheront les Landes & autres Terres incultes, 1767), Chez Jean Chappuis, à Bordeaux, 6 pp. et 1 f. blanc ‎

‎Remarquable recueil réunissant 20 documents, très souvent du plus grand intérêt pour l'histoire de Bordeaux et de la Gironde, et datés de 1612 à 1834. Nous indiquons pour chacun des titres son nom simplifié tel qu'indiqué dans la table dactylographiée reliée en début de recueil, puis, entre parenthèses, son titre exact et complet. Bon exemplaire en très bon état.‎

‎La Constitution de la République Francaise, une et indivisible. - [DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN]‎

‎Paris, l'imprimerie Nationale, 1793. 12mo. Uncut and unbound with original stitching. Printed on blue paper. A fine, clean, and fresh copy. 39 pp.‎

‎The rare first pocket-edition of the highly influential French 1793-Declaration 'Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen' often referred to as the Constitution of the Year I, or the The Montagnard Constitution. A folio-edition was printed the same year but this pocket-edition was probably the first meant for the public. The present publication constitutes the univocal break with l'Ancien Régime. The Constitution of 1793 was the second constitution written and approved during the French Revolution but legally created the First French Republic, which had been established on September 22, 1792. The Declaration and Constitution were ratified by popular vote in July 1793, following approval by 1,784,377 out of approximately 1,800,000 voters. Unknown to most, the Constitution of 1791 did not entail a complete break with l'Ancien Régime. In fact, the political order envisaged by the Assembly was a form of constitutional monarchy. This uneasy compromise was bound to be overtaken by the historical events and eventually this first true republican constitution was adopted by the National Convention on June 24, 1793. The Constitution was based on the 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' of 1789, to which it added several rights, proclaiming the superiority of popular sovereignty over national sovereignty, and various economic and social rights, such as the right of association, right to work and public assistance, and the right to public education.This constitution also required the government to ensure a ""right to subsistence,"" while simultaneously reiterating the inviolability of personal property. To many, especially the Jacobins, the Constitution of 1793 provided a model framework for an egalitarian, democratic republic.The text was mainly written by Hérault de Séchelles, a French judge and politician who took part in the French Revolution on the side of the Montagnards a political group during the French Revolution whose members sat on the highest benches in the Assembly. The term, which was first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Montagnards unleashed the Reign of Terror in 1794.The constitution was officially suspended on October 10 in favor of ""revolutionary government [...] until the peace"" and it was eventually replaced by the French Constitution of 1795. ‎

‎[Placard, Nantes] Déclaration du gouvernement du 15 novembre 1881.‎

‎[Placard, Nantes] Déclaration du gouvernement du 15 novembre 1881. Nantes,, imprimerie F Salières, 1881. 1p in-folio (env. 44*32 cm). Placard imprimé par Le Populaire, journal nantais fondé par François Salières. Cette déclaration, reçue à Nantes par dépêche télégraphique, fut faite à l'assemblée au lendemain de l'éphémère gouvernement Gambetta qui ne dura qu'un peu plus de deux mois. Publicité pour le journal en même temps que cette déclaration. [68] ‎