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5 book(s) with the same title
Corpse in the Middle Ages: Embalming, Cremating, and the Cultural Construction of the Dead Body
, Brepols - Harvey Miller, 2021 Hardback, vi + 780 pages, Size:220 x 280 mm, Language(s):English, Latin. ISBN 9781909400870.
Summary To what extent are the dead truly dead? In medieval society, corpses were assigned special functions and meanings in several different ways. They were still present in the daily life of the family of the deceased, and could even play active roles in the life of the community. Taking the materiality of death as a point of departure, this book comprehensively examines the conservation, burial and destruction of the corpse in its specific historical context. A complex and ambivalent treatment of the dead body emerges, one which necessarily confronts established modern perspectives on death. New scientific methods have enabled archaeologists to understand the remains of the dead as valuable source material. This book contextualizes the resulting insights for the first time in an interdisciplinary framework, considering their place in the broader picture drawn by the written sources of this period, ranging from canon law and hagiography to medieval literature and historiography. It soon becomes obvious that the dead body is more than a physical object, since its existence only becomes relevant in the cultural setting it is perceived in. In analogy to the findings for the living body in gender studies, the corpse too, can best be understood as constructed. Ultimately, the dead body is shaped by society, i.e. the living. This book examines the mechanisms by which this cultural construction of the body took place in medieval Europe. The result is a fascinating story that leads deep into medieval theories and social practices, into the discourses of the time and the daily life experiences during this epoch. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE TRANSLATION FOREWORD INTRODUCTION The Constructed Corpse: Methodology, Structure, and Goals Burial between Norm and Practice St Augustine and the "Constructed" Sanctity The Staged Corpse No Fear of the Dead Body Parts and the Gaze Upon the Dead Body A Topic between Popular Hype and Historical Lack of Interest: The State of Research CHAPTER I: THE BURIED CORPSE The Corpse and the Resurrection The Soul, the Corpse, and the Beyond The Eternal and the Eternally Disturbed Grave Drowning and the Element of Baptism Cremating the Dead: Between Concern and Banning The Proper Burial in the Middle Ages The Quest for the Phantom: The "Standard" Burial in the Christian Middle Ages Symbolism of Light and the Position of the Dead in the Grave Solitary Burial and Group Affiliation of the Corpse The Corpse is Coming to the Living: The Cult of the Martyrs and the Burial with Saints The Development of the Church Graveyard Interment in the Time of Crisis War Dead and Their Graves Death as a Result of Epidemics, the Black Death, and Burial The Corpse Portrayed Summary CHAPTER II: THE HOLY CORPSE Real Presence and the Cult of Relics The Holy Corpse as a Self-Determined Being Transfer of Relics and Fragmenting of the Corpse Desired Relics, Corpse Desecration, and the Dead as a Valuable Treasure The Corpse as Proof of Sanctity "Corpus Incorruptum," Mumification, and Created Sanctity The Aromatically Smelling Corpse Innocent Liquids: The Leichen l Medieval Complementary Logic: The Corpses of the "Valde Boni" and the "Valde Mali" Summary CHAPTER III: EMBALMING AND THE PRESERVATION OF CORPSES Ancient Embalming in the Middle Ages Ancient Mummies and the Christian Occident "Aromatibus conditum"-The Biblical Model and Early Christian Embalming Embalming in the Time of the Merovingians Sanctity and (Repeated) Embalming Change of the Embalming Technique in the Time of the Carolingians Rotting and the Ideal of a Fast Burial Ritual of Burial and the Transport of the Corpse A New Method: Opening of the Corpse to Remove the Entrails and the Badly Smelling Corpse of Charles the Bald Embalming in the High Middle Ages Transfer of Corpses since the High Middle Ages Embalming in the Tenth Century Embalming in the Time of the Salian and the Hohenstaufen Dynasties Robert Guiscard, Sven Gabelbart, and Embalming in the Kingdom of England Embalming in the Kingdom of France The Desert and the King of Jerusalem Popes and Saints Roland, Henry the Lion, and the Deer Hide: Embalming Practice in the Literary Discourse Corpse Transport and Social Prestige: Changes in the Process of Embalming in the Course of the High Middle Ages Kitchen, Cooking, and the Treatment of the Corpse Cooking the Corpse-a "mos Teutonicus"? Boiling of Corpses in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries The Bull "Detestandae feritatis" by Pope Boniface VIII from 1299 and the End of Boiling Corpses The White Bone: The Sanctity of the Boiled Body Individuals Charged with Taking Care of the Corpse and Corpse Washing Dissection of the Corpse and the Professionalization of Embalming Ar-Razi and Medicine in the High Middle Ages Henry of Mondeville, Guy de Chauliac, and the Process of Embalming in Late Medieval and Early Modern Medicine Innovations in High and Late Medieval Embalming Processes and the Anthropological and Archeological Data Opening of the Three Corporal Cavities The Application of Mercury Wax and Linen Galen and the Cold, Humid Corpse: Drying of the Corpse as a Technique in Embalming Aerial Drying of the Corpse Hygiene or the Preservation of the Corpse: Gypsum, Lime, and Hops Booming of Embalming: From the Eighteenth Century to Today Embalming, Preservation of the Body, and the Cult of Relics Summary CHAPTER IV: AUTHORITY AND THE CORPSE Visiting a Corpse-the Visit by a Corpse The Ruler's Corpse as a Sign of Victory The Specialists of Death and Their Ruler Clientele: The Location of the Grave and the Row of Corpses as a Means for Legitimization Conversion, Legitimacy, and the Beloved Bones of the Ancestors Summary CHAPTER V: THE COMMUNITY OF THE DEAD AND THE CORPSE IN THE "ORDO" Hierarchy of the Funeral Sites The Unclean Corpse and the Church as a Burial Site Old Age, Gender, and Kinship: The Hierarchy of the Burial Sites in Medieval Cemeteries Grave Donations Between Here and the Afterlife Clothing Provides Status to the Dead: Insignia of Social Class and the Identification of Corpses Pedum, Paten, Chalice, and Ring: The Burial of Priests and Bishops Crown, Scepter, Orb, and Royal Vestments: The Burial of Emperors and Kings Does God Forget the Names of the Dead? Tables with Inscriptions as Burial Objects and Inscriptions on the Sarcophagus Monastic Habit and Valuable Thread: Monks, Noblemen, Simple People, and Their Clothing for the Beyond Objects Useful for the Corpse Relics, Torture Instruments, and Hosts: Supporters for the Dead Written Documents, Indulgence Letters, and Seals as Documents of Faith Dead Pilgrims Plants and Herbs, Holy Water, Incense, and Coal: Funerary Objects Between Practice and Symbolism Shoes for the Day of Judgment Summary CHAPTER VI: THE CORPSE AND THE LAW The Corpse as the Interim Occupant of an Office The Corpse as Both Subject and Object of the Law The Corpse at Court Strikes with the Sword, Bleeding Corpses, and the Beginning of Forensics in the Middle Ages The Cemetery as a Place of Trial Marking Borders, Church Authority, and the Value of the Corpse The Funeral of the Corpse as an Economic Factor The Corpse and Marking of Borders Summary CHAPTER VII: THE LIVING CORPSE The Sleeping Dead and Its Physically Continued Life Signs of Life: Speaking, Bleeding, and Continued Growth of Nails and Hair Funeral Ritual to Prevent the Appearance of Revenants Placing Weights on the Corpse and the Separation and Breaking of the Legs Decapitation Impalement, Nailing Down, and Interment at a Crossroad Vampires in the Middle Ages? The Cremation of Revenants Obol and Payment of the Dead: Funerary Objects as a One-Way Ticket to the Afterlife? The Corpse Besieged by Demons The Active Corpse Summary CHAPTER VIII: THE DESTRUCTION AND DESECRATION OF CORPSES Deviation from the Funerary Ritual as Punishment and Exclusion Denial of Burial in Sacred Ground On Children Under the Church's Eaves and Pilgrimage Sites: The Unbaptized Dead and Children According to Archaeological Data Suicide and the Corpses of Suicide Victims Excommunicated Corpses and Death Under the Interdict The Example of Emperor Henry IV A Few Years of Eternity, or Was There a Permanent Exclusion of Those Who Had Been Excommunicated The Last of the Hohenstaufen and Their Excommunication: Conrad IV, Manfred of Sicily, and Conradin the Younger The High Medieval Debate on the Punishment of Corpses Exhumation as a Weapon in the Fight Against the Cathars The Growing Concern with the Moral Integrity of the Dead: Individuals Responsible for Church Desecration, Those Who Rejected Confession, and Those Dead Who Had Died without Their Guilt Having Been Forgiven and Atoned In the Case of Doubt Against the Dead: The Liturgists' Fear of the Unknown and the Foreign Death with the Lance in Hand: The Burial of Those Who Had Died in a Tournament The Burial of the Executed Being a Warrior and a Christian: The Exclusion from Burial in Light of Discourse Theory Corpse Desecration The Case of Pope Formosus Corpse Desecration as a Punishment The Ruler's Corpse and the Use of Scalps: Corpse Desecration as a Sign of Physical Superiority Burning and Physical Annihilation The Symbolism of Fire Death by Fire in the Early Middle Ages: Arsonists, Sodomites, Poisoners, Magicians, and Unusual Women The Burning of Heretics and Witches in the High and Late Middle Ages The Destruction of Corpses in the Early Modern Time The Humble Corpse Burial in Simple Clothing The Corpse Placed on Ash Paradise and the Naked Earth: The Burial Site as a Sign of Christian Humility The Penitent Approaching the Day of Judgment: Pippin the Short and Prone Burial Humility of the Medieval Corpse Summary CHAPTER IX: THE CORPSE AS MEDICINE AND MIRACLE CURE The Corpse as Royal Blessing? The Corpse as a Medium to Create Miracles and Magic Charges Against Heretics, Witches, and Jews: Ritual Murder and Mirroring the Eucharist The Corpses of Executed People as Medicine "Mumia vera"-Mummies as a Medical Drug Building Sacrifice and the Corpse as a Weapon Summary CHAPTER X: HEART, HEAD, AND HAND-THE BODY PARTS OF CORPSES FROM AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL PERSPECTIVE The Practice of Multiple Burials in the High and Late Middle Ages Heart Head Hand Summary EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY List of Abbreviations Sources Research Literature INDICES Index of Bible passages Index of Names Index of Places
A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, A.D. 1697. The sixth edtion, to which is now added an account of the author's journey to the banks of Euphrates at Beer, and to the country of Mesopotamia. With an index to the whole work, not in any former edition. By Hen. Maundrell, M.A. late fellow of Exeter Coll. and Chaplain to the factory of Aleppo.
Oxford, Printed at the Theatre, for A. Peisley bookseller in Oxford, and W. Meadows bookseller in Cornhill, 1740.
8vo. (XI),(I),171,(1 blank) p., 9 folding plates, 6 full page plates, 3 text illustrations. Modern cloth 22 cm (Ref: ESTC Citation No. T100587; 'The library of Henry M. Blackmer II', London 1989, no, 214; Brunet 3,1542) (Details: Tasteful and simple modern binding with an gilt red morocco shield on the back. Engraving of the Sheldonian Theater on the title, executed by M. Cole. The first plate is a view on Aleppo. There are engravings of Mount Carmel and Tabor; 7 folding plates with the monuments of Baalbeck. 2 texts engravings of an inscription) (Condition: 2 small letters stamped on the title; paper very slightly yellowing; some foxing) (Note: The Holy Land has been a site for Christian pilgrimage since the 3rd century A.D. Throughout the Middle Ages christians visited Palestine, and during the Crusades even tried to conquer it. A great number of travelogues were written by pilgrims about the marvels of well known and venerated cities as Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth etc. Ever since medieval times also English travellers have recorded their impressions of their visits to the Orient. One of the earliest was the 'Voiage' of the Anglo-Frenchman Sir John Mandeville. An outstanding and interesting travel story is Henry Maundrell's. It illustrates the emergence of a new genry of travel writing, and the shift in European minds concerning its relationship with the Holy Land. 'Where medieval pilgrims had often wept or gone into trances upon their arrival in Jerusalem, modern European visitors observed with curiosity what was before their eyes. They are travelling for pleasure and for cultural experiences; tourism was gradually replacing pilgrimage as a motive for visiting Palestine. By the end of the 17th century quite a few European tourists had already been to Jerusalem. The most famous among them was Henry Maundrell, the author of the book 'A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem'. It was first published in 1703 in Oxford, and it would prove to be one of the most popular books about the East for years to come. The 18th century saw 8 English editions, and by 1749 seven editions in different languages had appeared, and sections of the book continued to appear in collections of travel writings published in the 18th and 19th centuries' ('Maundrell in Jerusalem, Reflections on the writing of an early European tourist' by I. Nassar, in 'Jerusalem Quarterly', 2000,9); Maundrell's record is not a guide to the holy sites, or an anthropological study, but it is a diary in which he reflects upon the sights worth seeing, and things worth doing. It is organized chronologically. Henry Maundrell, an Oxford academic and clergyman, born in 1655, made the trip shortly after his arrival in Aleppo in 1696, where he was elected to the post of chaplaincy of the British Levant Company. It paid him £100 per year. He travelled 'in Company with 14 others of our Factory. We went by the coast; and having visited the several places consecrated by the Life and Death of our Blessed Lord, we returned by the way of Damascus'. (p. (VII). The fellowhip started on the 26th of february, and returned on the 11th of May. On Eastern they were in Jerusalem, where they were bewildered by the behaviour of the local fellow christians in the Holy Sepulcher Church. Maundrell describes them as hystical rabble, who 'very much discredited the Miracle. (...) a scandal to the Christian Religion'. (p. 97) Maundrell's account of biblical sites reflects his fascination with science and biblical history at the same time. He shows little interest in the indigenous Christians, Arabs, and Jews, and he loathes the Turkish administration and the Turks. Maundrell died in Aleppo in 1701. His record is important for historians of Palestine, the Near East, and of the Ottoman empire) (Provenance: On the title a stamp of 2 letters: 'G.U.') (Collation: a2, b4, A-U4, X2, Y4) (Photographs on request)
The two first books of Philostratus, concerning the life of Apollonius Tyaneus: written originally in Greek, and now published in English: together with philological notes upon each chapter. By Charles Blount, Gent.
London, Printed for Nathaniel Thompson, next dore to the Sign of the Cross-Keys in Fetter-Lane, 1680.
Folio. (VIII),243,(1 blank) p. Calf 32 cm (Ref: ESTC Citation No. R4123; Hoffmann 3,82; Ebert 16760 'Wurde verboten, weil man die Noten antichristlich fand'; Graesse 5,274) (Details: Back with 5 raised band. Blind tooled double fillet border on both boards. Title in red and black. Woodcut text illustration, which represents a diagram of the philosophic schools in antiquity) (Condition: Binding scuffed. Back rubbed. Joints weak, partly starting to split. Boards spotted. Paper browning and foxed. Endpapers worn and browning) (Note: Few books have over a long period of time aroused so much upheaval among Christians as this biography of the neopythagorean ascetic and wandering philosopher Apollonius of Tyana, written by the Greek sophist and rhetor Philostratus at the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. This is the first English translation of the first 2 books (of 8) of this Life of Apollinius of Tyana. The translation was speedily condemned and suppressed by the Church of England, because it was held to be a most dangerous attempt against the church. Only a few copies were sent abroad. Apollonius was born in the same year when Jesus Christ is supposed to be born. It is almost impossible to reveal Apollonius' true identity, or to decide wether this is a biography of a real or fictionalized hero, or just an Heliodoran romance or a romantic hagiography, or even a documentary romance. The question can be dealt from so many angles, that the Philostratean studies constitute a separate branch in the research of the culture of the Early Roman Empire. The problem is 'that Philostratus, as a man of letters and sophist full of passion for Greek romance and for the studies in rhetoric, was hardly interested in the historical Apollonius'. (Dzielska,M., 'Apollonius of Tyana in legend and history', Rome 1986, p. 14) A fact is that contemporary sources reveal next to nothing about Apollonius. Philostratus wrote the biography at the behest of the empress Julia Domna Augusta. 'To satisfy the empress's demand, who asked him (Philostratus) to narrate the life and achievements of Apollonius, he had to invent this figure as it were anew. Thus using his literary imagination, this moderately gifted writer turned a modest Cappadocian mystic into an impressive figure, full of life, politically outstanding, and yet also preposterous'. (Idem, p. 14) Nothing proves that the 'Vita Apollonii Tyanensis' was widely read in the 3rd century. It would probably not have survived, were it not for the gouvernor of Bithynia, Sossianus Hierocles, one of the inspirators of the persecution of the Christians in 301 A.D. in his province under the emperor Diocletian. At the beginning of the 4th century he published his 'Philaletes', a treatise against Christianity, in which he ridiculed the divine attributes of Christ, and praised Apollonius' virtues and thaumaturgic abilities. In the 'Philaletes' Hierocles propagated his pagan Christ Apollonius. The Christians were furiously enraged, because Hierocles dared to contrast Apollonius with their Saviour. The Christians won under Constantine, and the 'Philaletes' vanished soon from the face of earth. It is only known through the 'Against Hierocles', a treatise of the Churchfather Eusebius. The 'Vita Apollonii Tyanensis', in which it was believed that Apollonius was presented as the equal, if not the superior of Christ, survived however the burning of pagan literature by Christian mobs in early christianity. Translations of the 'Vita' which began to appear in the 16th century were immediately put under ecclesiastical ban. The English translation of 1680, by the leisured gentleman Charles Blount, 1654-1694, a deist and freethinking philosopher, and especially his notes, raised such an outcry among christian believers in England that the book was condemned by the Church of England in 1693, banned and its further publication forbidden. Hoffmann observes that the stock might have been burned (vielleicht verbrant). On what ground he thinks so, is not clear. Still, 'fierce passions were let loose. Sermons, pamphlets and volumes descended upon the presumptuous Blount like fireballs and hailstones, and his adversaries did not rest until the authorities had forbidden him to print the remaining six book of his translation'. (R.W. Bernard, 'Apollonius, the Nazarene', 1956, p. 10) Blount persisted that if the miracles of Apollonius were untrue, so were those of Jesus. In his preface Blount is very cautious. He presents the 'Life' as being 'no more than a bare narrative of the Life of a Philosopher, not of a new Messiah'. Philostratus never even mentions Christ, he says. 'And if one Heathen Writer (Hierocles) did make an ill use of this History, by comparing Apollonius with Christ, what is that to Philostratus, who never meant nor design'd it so'. (Preface p. A2 verso) Blount had already finished the translation of all 8 books, he tells the reader, 'when I found the Alarm was given in all parts what a Dangerous Book was coming out; (...) which might therefore prove of pernicious consequence of the Publick'. He fears for his life he says, and therefore publishes only the first 2 books. 'I have thought fit to proroque the remaining part of this history'. (p. A3 verso) Especially Blount's very elaborate illustrations and annotations to the text were considered to be dangerous atheist freethinking. A century later Blount's notes were translated into French and published in Amsterdam in 1779. It was ironically dedicated to Pope Clement XIV by one 'Philaletes') (Collation: A-Z4, Aa-Gg4, H6) (Photographs on request) (Heavy book, may require extra shipping costs)
Cours de dessin. 1re Partie, Modèles d'après la bosse. 29 original lithographs (from a total of 70) from the first part of the Drawing Course ('Cours de dessin').
Paris, Goupil & Cie Editeurs, no date (1868)
< This course taught Vincent van Gogh how to draw human figures> Loose-leaf plates on grey paper with the original white/grey paper backing. Dimensions: 44 x 59 cm. All plates are numbered. The following plates from the first series (Première partie) are on offer here: 1, 2, 5, 7, 9-12, 15-17, 19-22, 24-26, 28-29, 32, 36, 40, 42, 46, 49, 52-53, 56. Details: All plates have a small printed colophon in a frame, with the general title, the part number and title, the plate number and the publishers name. In fine print at the bottom of the sheets the name of the printer Lemercier in Paris is mentioned on most plates. 27 plates also have a small blind stamp of the firm Goupil in the lower margin. See for this stamp the French database 'marquesdecollections', stamp no. L.1090. Condition: Mosts lithos are in rather good condition. The plates have evidently been used, a few have tiny pinholes. Some of them have been folded, showing creases. Most of the plates are frayed and worn at the edges, with a few small tears and dog-ears. Several plates are foxed or spotted. Four plates are in lesser condition: plate 2 has large folds, the lower corners are damaged and there is foxing; plate 26 has two long creases and a large tear; plate 36 has a crease, a damaged corner and a tear of six cm.; plate 56 is almost torn through the middle. Note: The beautiful plates of the famous Drawing Course (Cours de dessin) by Bargue and Gérome were made for beginning students of drawing schools and art academies to copy. In this way they could become familiar with the principles of contour, light, and shade, and at the same time develop an appreciation for 'good taste' by looking at examples of great art. The drawings of the first part of the course were made after plaster casts of famous classical and renaissance statues. The series starts with simple forms of isolated body-parts and then offers images of gradually increasing complexity. To help the student to manage the essential forms of a head or torso, many plates are divided into two parts. A schematic outline with straight lines and angles stands beside the finished drawing. The plates of the drawing course are now hard to find. Of the original publication of 197 loose-leaf lithography plates, divided into three parts, there are only a few complete sets known. Our collection is a part of the first volume: 'Modèles d'après la bosse' (Models after casts), which consisted of 70 plates. It was published in 1868. The second series, completed in 1870, was: 'Modèles d'après les Maîtres de toutes les époques et de toutes les écoles' (Models after masters of all periods and all schools). The third series, completed in 1873, was: 'Exercices au fusain pour préparer à l'étude de l'académie d'après nature' (Charcoal exercises in preparation for drawing the academic nude). The first two sections were meant for schools for design and decorative arts. The third section with live models was used only in art academies. There were no instructions published with the plates, that was left to the teachers in the schools. It was common practice in the schools to start with copying prints and drawing from plaster casts of classical statues. As a second stage, students copied old masters. In the art academies, they then went on to live models. This training was part of the tradition of 19th century neoclassicsm. The imitation of nature was the only goal for artists. Objects and human bodies should be drawn and painted meticulously. Works of art were both realistic and idealistic, following the concept of 'good taste'. In France, this resulted in smooth and finished works, influenced by the standards of the French 'Académie des Beaux-Arts'. This so-called 'Academic Art' came under criticism at the end of the 19th century when the concept of art changed radically. The Drawing Course is the last great document of the 19th century tradition of art education. It was widely used in France and England. Vincent van Gogh writes about it in his letters, he has worked through the whole course at least once. Van Gogh worked very hard on this course because he hoped to gain some income with the sale of his drawings. In a sketchbook owned by the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam there are several pencil drawings made after Bargue's plates. Nowadays, the didactic and artistic quality of the course is greatly admired by both amateur and professional artists. The firm Goupil & Cie was an important publisher of original prints and art reproductions in Paris. They hired skilled engravers and lithographers and used the latest techniques. The firm also developed into a renowned art dealer. The 'Cours de dessin' sold very well for Goupil, and loose plates were still sold until the firm was dissolved around 1920. Charles Bargue (1826-1883) was a French draughtsman, lithographer and painter who has left a small number of paintings. Jean-Léon Gérome (1824-1904) was a French painter and sculptor, an esteemed representative of academic art. The main source for information on the course is: G.M. Ackerman. Charles Bargue with the collaboration of Jean-Léon Gérôme, Drawing Course. Paris, ACR, 2017 (first edition 2003). A copy of this book is added.
British Salmonidae. 2 parts. - [ONE OF THE FINEST BOOKS ON FISH EVER PRODUCED]
(Edinburgh, 1839-41). Elephant-folio. In the two original half-calf-folders with green leather-spines and pattern-stamped cloth boards" gilt title and author to front boards. Remains of the original green cloth-ties. Some wear to spines, especially at capitals. 12 magnificent hand-coloured plates with one leaf of text for each, the first, 8th and 11th text-leaves with an engraved illustration measuring 22x13,5 cm. (depicting ""Stake Nets of the Solway Firth"", ""Poke Nets of the Solway Firth"", and ""Young States of S. Truttafrom Mr. Shaw's Ponds"" - the last beautifully hand-coloured)" all leaves laid in loose, as originally published, and all plates with the original tissue-guards. Plates and text-leaves measuring ab. 64,5 x 49 cm
The exceedingly scarce first printing of this monumental work on British salmon, one of the finest books on fishes ever produced. The work is generally considered the Audubon of salmons" the quality of the plates is considered unsurpassed and the scientific research that lies behind it makes it of the utmost importance to the study of salmons.""Jardine was a keen sportsman, expert with rod and gun, and followed his hounds. He was not averse to making deer which strayed from his neighbour's estate onto Jerdine Hall land pay for their trespass. He was also an amateur artist, working in watercolours, and exhibited, as an honorary member, at the Scottish Royal Academy, as well as other art exhibitions in Dumfries. When writing his books, he learned to etch, to draw on wood blocks for wood engraving, to lithograph and to use a variant of lithography called papyrography. One of the finest books of fishes ever printed was Jardine's ""The British Salmonidae"", for which he did the drawings and etchings himself.Jardine was the foremost ichthyologist in Scotland, perhaps even in the United Kingdom, in the nineteenth century. He was a fine fisherman and fished the Annan, which flowed through his grounds in Dumfriesshire, and the best stretches of the Tweed when he lived for three years at St Boswells, Roxburghshire. One of his aims was to establish his life cycles of the salmon and the sea trout, for which he tagged fish in a specially constructed pool at Jardine Hall, and visited the fisheries at Perth where experiments were carried out. His reputation as a fly fisherman was well known, and he enjoyed many days of sport with other eminent naturalists such as P.J. Selby, John Gould, Richard Parnall, as well as friends and neighbours. His interest in fishing and fisheries led to his appointment as one of the royal commissioners to the Salmon Fisheries Survey of England and Wales in 1860."" (Jackson and Davis, ""Sir William Jardine. A Life in Natural History"", p. X). Jardine was also famous for his huge museum collections, among these a very extensive collection of skins. In the late 1820'ies the collections began to encompass vertebrates other than birds, and it is from this time that his scientific interests in fish began to develop. Although Jardine's interest had always extended beyond the British Isles and he also received many specimens of fish from abroad, his main interest remained British fish, and especially those of the salmon family, which greatly fascinated him. ""Some of these were little known, and even in the early nineteenth century were considered rare."" (Jackson & Davis, p. 57). From around the beginning of the 1830'ies Jardine was on the lookout for more specimens and further advice, and he began corresponding with the famous Cornish naturalist and ichthyologist, Jonathan Couch. He also began corresponding with other respected scientists and correspondents and with much support from all of these, Jardine devoted more and more of his time and effort to investigating fish, especially the salmon family. In 1834 he began a tour of Sutherland that came to have a significant impact on his studies of the salmon family. He brought Selby with him, and due to their many notes, drawings, and observations, Jardine now had the confidence to present a lecture, in which he revised the scientific status of the Salmonidae discovered on their excursion, to the British Association, which he held in Edinburgh during the late summer of 1834. It is this lecture that established his reputation as an ichthyologist, and it is evident from many sources of the period that he was now much admired within this field. ""[w]hen he attended the British Association meeting in Newcastle in August 1838, not only did he chair the Botany and Zoology section, but he also gave a lecture on the Salmonidae of Scotland. By this time he was bringing to fruition a much more ambitious project, with the preparation of the plates for the ""Illustrations of British Salmonidae, with Descriptions"", which was published in two parts in 1839 and 1841."" (Jackson & Davis, p. 60).Jardine had originally planned to work on the project with Selby and had already suggested him this in 1834. Selby supported him throughout the project, but eventually Jardine undertook the work alone. The illustrations of the work were to comprise the salmons of both England and Ireland, and in a letter to T.C. Eyton he indicates many of his thoughts concerning the production as well as his continued interest in fishes around the world"" he describes his wish to illustrate the specimens life-size, although that would restrict sales, his and Lizar's frustrations of finding a skilled enough colourist, as well as his view on drawing the fish directly at the edge of the water in order to capture the iridescence and colours of the fish straight away, so that they would not have had time to fade, which they do rapidly after death. Among other things he writes ""The sale will of course be limited & one to my list is important. If it will clear its way I shall be satisfied so far as the plates are concerned... but Illustrations of the size which I have chosen are always attended with more expense in the publication than those of a less [?] size. All the drawings have been made at the waters edge, and I am sanguine that the work will be creditable to all both artist and engraver... The 1st number will be out in a very short time it is all prepared except the colouring which we have been annoyed about in the north. We have however now selected Mr. Gould' colourer [Gabriel Bayfield] in London, & from what he has put out in these departments we have considerable reliance."" (See Jackson & Davis, p. 61).Thus, the plates were etched by Jardine himself and coloured by Bayfield. The first number of plates were sent to Bayfiled for colouring in July 1838, and the first part of ""Illustrations"" was advertised as published in August 1839, whereas the second was ready in September 1841. ""It is not known how many copies were eventually sold, but Jardine (who had exclusive rights to the publication) hinted in 1844 that ""There are only 70 copies coloured"" - and indication that few coloured copies were to hand after supplying copies to the subscribers. Lizars had been responsible for producing and distributing the books, but when his establishment in Edinburgh closed, Jardine transferred the stock of uncoloured plates to Jardine Hall. Even in the 1860s there was a demand for copies of the Salmonidae, and also for individual plates, and the faithful Bayfield was asked once more to act as colourist for these. Some indication of the price of the complete work is given by Jardine in a letter to John Gould, asking him to deliver a copy to Pickering in Picadilly and asking him ""to take payment for £5 16"". Initially prices of £2 12s 6d (coloured) and £1 11s 6d (plain) per part had been suggested, which had risen to £3 3s 0d by August 1839. The first estimates also suggested that an initial run of some 50 copies was sensible until the demand could be gauged, and noted that the cost of colouring each impression was 1s 6d."" (Jackson & Davis, p. 62).The work is now considered one of the finest books on fish ever produced, both due to its great artistic value and its ""meticulous and painstaiking scientific research"" (p. 62)" besides its scientific value and scientific importance, it is of the greatest scarcity with no more than 70 copies (at the most) produced, and many fewer that have survived. Nissen 2092 not in Wood
