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Nathan, collection "Le gout de la vie", 1988. Format 15x24 cm, reliure editeur sous jaquette illustree, 125 pages. Tres bon etat.
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5 book(s) with the same title
Danicorum Monumentorum Libri Sex: E spissis antiquitatum tenebris et in Dania ac Norvegia extantibus ruderibus eruti + Regum Daniae Series duplex et Limitum inter Daniam & Sveciam Descriptio. Ex vetustissimo Legum Scanicarum Literis Runicis in membran... - [THE FOUNDATION OF RUNOLOGY]
Hafnia, Joachim Moltke, 1643 + Melchior Martzan, 1642. Folio (290 x 200 mm). In contemporary full calf with four raise bands and embossed super ex-libris (C. H. Helwerskov (1655 - 1733), Danish landowner and supreme court judge) to front- and back-board. Rebacked and back-board with repair. Annotations to pasted down front end-paper and front free end-paper. Closed tear to leaf B2. A very nice, clean and wide margined copy printed on heavy paper. Engraved title-page (by Simon de Pas). (24), 526, (16) pp. + large folded woodcut plate (the Golden Horn). Large woodcuts in the text + (12), 36 pp. The text is in two columns, in Latin and runes. Captions and some runic letters printed in red.
A very nice wide margined copy printed on good paper of the scarce first editions of both of Worm's famous masterpieces on runes - 1) ""Danicorum Monumentorum"" being Worm's runic magnum opus, which not only constitutes the first written study of runestones and the first scientific analysis of them, but also one of the only surviving sources for depictions of numerous runestones and inscriptions from Denmark, many of which are now lost"" 2) ""Regum Daniae"", which contains the highly important reproduction of The Law of Scania in runes as well as in Latin translation with commentaries. The ""Danicorum Monumentorum"", with its numerous woodcut renderings of monuments with rune-inscriptions - including the world-famous folded plate of the Golden Horn, which had been found only five year previously, and which is now lost - is arguably the most significant work on runes ever written, founding the study of runes and runic monuments. Most of the woodcuts were done after drawings by the Norwegian student Jonas Skonvig"" they are now of monumental importance to the study of runes and runic monuments, not only because they appeared here for the first time in print, but also because many of the monuments are now lost and these illustrations are the only surviving remains that we have. Ole Worm (Olaus Wormius) (1588-1655) was a famous Danish polymath, who was widely travelled and who had studied at a range of different European universities. Like many of the great intellectuals of the Early Modern era, Worm's primary occupation was as a physician, for which he gained wide renown. He later became court doctor to King Christian IV of Denmark. In 1621, Worm had become professor of physics, but already the year before, in 1620, had he begun the famous collection that would become one of the greatest cabinets of curiosites in Europe (and one of the first museums) and which would earn him the position as the first great systematic collector (within natural history) in Scandinavia. It was his then newly begun collection that enabled him, as professor of physics, to introduce demonstrative subject teaching at the university, as something completely new. He continued building and adding to his magnificent collection, now known as ""Museum Wormianum"", throughout the rest of his life. Worm's fascination for antiquarian subjects not only resulted in his famous ""Museum Wormianum"", but also in a deep fascination with early Scandinavian and runic literature and the history and meaning of runestones. These monuments found throughout Scandinavia, were carved with runic inscriptions and set in place from about the fourth to the twelfth centuries. In most cases, they are burial headstones, presumably for heroes and warriors.Worm published works on the runic calendar, translations of runic texts and explications of folklore associated with the runestone histories. By far his most extensive and important work was the ""Danicorum Monumentorum"", which was the first serious attempt at scientifically analyzing and recording all 144 then known runestone sites in Denmark. With the King's blessing and support, Worm contacted bishops all over the country who were instructed to provide details and drawings of the barrows, stone circles and carved inscriptions in their regions.Many of the monuments recorded in this splendid work have since disappeared. Some of them appeared in the fire of Copenhagen, to which they were brought at the request of Worm himself. The book thus contains highly valuable data about missing sites in Scandinavian archaeology and is an invaluable source to anyone studying runes and runic monuments. Included in the work are Worm's three earlier, small treatises on runes, here collected for the first time and set into a systematic an scientific context, among them his 1641 treatise on the Golden Horn. For Danes, the Golden Horns, discovered on 1639 and 1734 respectively, with their amazing, complicated, and tragic story, constitute the Scandinavian equivalent to the Egyptian pyramids and have been the object of the same kind of fascination here in the North, causing a wealth of fantastical interpretations, both historical, literary, mystical, linguistic, and artistic. The two golden horns constitute the greatest National treasure that we have. They are both from abound 400 AD and are thought to have been a pair. A span of almost 100 years elapsed between the finding of the first horn and the finding of the second. Both findings are now a fundamental part of Danish heritage. In 1802 the horns were stolen, and the story of this theft constitutes the greatest Danish detective story of all times. The thief was eventually caught, but it turned out that he had melted both of the horns and used the gold for other purposes.Before the horns were stolen, a copy of the horns was made and shipped to the King of Italy, but the cast which was used to make this copy was destroyed, before news had reached the kingdom of Denmark that the copies made from the cast were lost on their way to Italy, in a shipwreck. Worm's work constitutes not only the earliest description of the seminal first horn, but also the most important source that we now have to the knowledge of the horn. It is on the basis of the description and depiction in the present work that the later copies of the first horn were made. Both horns were found in Gallehus near Møgeltønder, the first in 1639, by Kirsten Svendsdatter, the second in 1734, by Jerk (Erik) Lassen.Kirsten Svendsdatter made her discovery on a small path near her house, initially thinking that she had stumbled upon a root. When she returned to the same place the following week, she dug up the alleged root with a stick, and took it for an old hunting horn. She brought it back home and began polishing it. During the polishing of it, a small piece broke off, which she brought to a goldsmith in Tønder. It turned out that the horn was made of pure gold, and rumors of Kirsten's find quickly spread. The horn was eventually brought to the King, Christian IV, and Kirsten was given a reward corresponding to the gold value of the horn. The king gave the horn to his son, who had a lid made for it so that he could use it as a drinking horn. An excavation of the site where the horn was found was begun immediately after, but nothing more was found - that is until 95 years later when Jerk Larsen was digging clay on his grounds - merely 25 paces from where Kirsten had found the first horn. The year was now 1734. The horn that Larsen found was a bit smaller in size and was lacking the tip, but it still weighed 3,666 kg. As opposed to the first horn, this second horn had a runic inscription. After the horn had been authenticated, it was sent to King Christian VI, where it was placed in a glass case in the royal art chamber, together with the first horn. Before being placed here, a copy was made of both horns. These copies were lost in a ship wreck, however, and the casts had already been destroyed. In the fatal year of 1802, the gold smith and counterfeiter Niels Heldenreich broke in to the royal art chamber and stole the horns. By the time the culprit was discovered, the horns were irrevocably lost - Heldenreich had melted them and used the gold to make other things, such as jewellery. A pair of ear rings that are still preserved are thought to have been made with gold from the horns, but this is all that we have left of the original horns. New horns were produced on the basis of the descriptions and engraved illustrations that were made after the finding of the horns. And thus, the plate used in the present works constitute our main source of knowledge of the appearance of the first horn. ""The longest of the golden horns was found in 1639 and described by Ole Worm in the book 'De Aureo Cornu', 1641 (a treatise which is also included in his greater ""Danicorum Monumentorum""). The German professor at Soro Academy Hendrich Ernst, disagreed with Worm’s interpretation of the horn. Ernst believed that the horn came from Svantevits temple on Rügen, while Worm interpreted it as a war trumpet from the time of Frode Fredegods, decorated with pictures, calling for virtue and good morals. Worm immediately sent his book to Prince Christian and the scholars at home and abroad. You can see in his letters, that not only did the horn make an impression, but also the letter and the interpretation. In that same year there were such lively discussions on the horn among the scholars of Königsberg, now Kaliningrad!In 1643 Worm reiterated the description of the golden horn in his great work on Danish runic inscriptions, 'Monumenta Danica'. In 1644, his descriptions of the horn reached for scholars and libraries in Schleswig, Königsberg, London, Rome, Venice and Padua. Several learned men wrote poems for him, and the golden horn was mentioned in an Italian manus. Map Cartoonist Johannes Meyer placed the finds on several of his map of South Jutland. When the Swedish commander Torstensson attacked Jutland in 1643, Peter Winstrup wrote a long poem in Latin addressed to the bishop of Scania (which at that time still belonged to Denmark), the poem was called 'Cornicen Danicus'. It was immediately translated into Danish, entitled 'The Danish Horn Blower'. He interpreted the horn and its images as an warning of war, and his interpretations were very hostile to the Swedish. Paul Egard and Enevold Nielssen Randulf were among some of the other scholars who interpreted the Golden Horn In the 1640s. They were both deans in Holstein, and had a more Christian interpretation of the horn.All these works were illustrated with copies of Worms depictions of the horn. The Golden Horn remained known throughout the 1600s, both in terms of interpretations of the horn and designs. The found of the short golden horn in 1734 renewed the interest of the meaning of the horns."" (National Museum of Denmark). Thesuarus: 727 & 733Biblioteca Danica III, 23
The History and constitutions of the most ancient and honourable fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons. Containing an account of Masonry. I. From the creation throughout the known earth, till true architecture was demolished by the Goths, and at last revived in Italy. II. From Julius Caesar to the first arrival of the Saxons in Britain. III. From the union of the crowns of England and Scotland, in the person of king James the First, to the present time. To which are added: I. A list of the Grand Masters or Patrons of the Free Masons in England, from the coming in of the Anglo Saxons to these times, who are mentioned in this work. II. The old charges of the Masons, collected from their earliest records, at the command of his grace the Duke of Montague. III. The Manner of constituting a Lodge. IV. The general regulations of the free and accepted Masons, both ancient and modern, in distinct columns. V. The constitution of the Committee of their Charity. VI. A list of the Lodges in and about London and Westminster; with the deputations of several grand Masters for the forming of Lodges in Wales, the remote parts of England, and in foreign realms. VII. The songssung at the Lodges. VIII. A defence of Masonry, occasioned by a pamphlet called Masonry dissected: with Brother Euclids Letter to the author against unjust cavils. By James Anderson, D. D. London.
1746 Printedand fold by J. Robinson, at the Golden-Lion, in Ludgate-street. In the vulgar year of Masonry 5746 [1746]. Un volume petit in-4° (149 x 192 mm) de X+[2]+230+[2] pages; les pages 217-22 (cahier Ff) sont en double exemplaire, strictement identiques. Reliure de lépoque en veau marron, encadrement à froid sur les plats et filet doré le long des charnières, dos à nerfs orné de filets, pièce de titre en maroquin rouge, tranches mouchetées de rouge (dos anciennement remplacé et coins émoussés). Contenu : - Dédicace de louvrage au Prince de Galles Frédéric-Louis, par James Anderson; bandeau gravé avec les armes du prince, signé John Pine (pages III-VI).- «The author to the reader», et plan de louvrage, le tout daté de «Greter Court, Strand, 4 Nov. 1738» et signé James Anderson (pages VII-X). - «The sanction», i.e. approbation de louvrage par «John Rebis, secretary», «Caernarvon, Grand Master, John Ward, Deputy Grand Master, George Graham [&] Andrew Robinson Grand Wardens» (page 1 sans no).- planche gravée avec deux figures: lune représentant Hiram montrant le plan du temple au roi Salomon, dessin du frère J[ame]s Thornhill Esq. gravé par John Pine; lautre, anonyme, portant les armes et titres du marquis de Carnarvon, grand-maître en 1738 (page 2 sans no).- «The Constitutions Part I: The History of Masonry from the creation throughout the known earth; till true old architecture was demolishd by the Goths and at last revived in Italy », en sept chapitres: I. From the creation to Grand Master Nimrod, II. From Nimrod to Grand Master Solomon, III. From Solomon to Grand Master Cyrus, IV. From Cyrus to Grand Master Seleucus Nicator, V. From Seleucus to Grand Master Augustus Caesar, VI. From Augustus till the havock of the Goths, VII. The revival of old architecture, or the Augustans Stile»(pages 1-54). - «The Constitutions part II: The History of Masonry in Britain, from Julius Caesar, till the union of the crowns, 1603», en sept chapitres: I. From Julius Caesar to the first arrival of the Saxons in Britain, II. From the first arrival of the Saxons, to William the Conqueror, III. Masonry in England from William the Conqueror to King Henry IV, IV. Masonry in England from Henry IV to the Royal Tewdors, V. Masonry in England from King Henry VII till the union of the crowns, A. D. 1603, VI. Masonry in Scotland till the union of the crowns, VII. Masonry in Irland till Grand Master Kingston A. D. 1730» (pages 55-96). - «The Constitutions part III: The History of Masonry in Britain, grom the union of the crowns to the times» en sept chapitres: I. The Augustan stile in Britain, from the union of the crowns 1603, till the Restoration 1660, II. From the Restoration 1660, till the Revolution 1688, III. From the Revolution to Grand Master Montagu 1721, IV. From Grand Master the Duke of Montagu to Grand Master Richmond, V. From Grand Master Richmond to Grand Master Norfolk, VI. From Grand Master Norfolk to Grand Master Craufurd, VII. From Grand Master Craufurd to the present G. Master Caermarthen [biffé et remplacé par: Carnarvan]» (pages 97-142).- «The Old charges of the Free and Accepted Masons, collected by the author from their old records, at the command of the Grand Master the present Duke of Montagu. Approved by the Grand Lodge, and ordered to be printed in the first edition of the Book of Constitutions on 25 March 1722», en six articles : «I. Of God and religion , II. Of the Civil magistrate supreme and subordinate, III. Concerning lodges, IV. Of Masters, wardens, fellows, and prentices, V, Of the Management of the craft in working », VI. Concerning Masons behaviour, [soit] 1) In the Lodge before closing, 2) After the Lodge is closed and the Brethren not gone, 3) At meeting without strangers, but not in a formed Lodge, 4) In presence of strangers not Masons, 5) At home and in your neighbourhood, 6) Towards a foreign Brother or stranger, VII. Concerning Law-suits. The ancient manner of constituting a Lodge (pages 143-151).- « The general Regulations of the Free and Accepted Masons. Compiled first by Brother George Payne [] A. D. 1720, []. Next by order of the Duke of Montagu when Grand Master, the author James Anderson []and the Grand Lodge having revisd ans approvd them, order em to be printed in the Book of Constitutions on 25 March 1722», en 39 articles traitant de lorganisation interne de lordre (pages 152-176), suivis de «New regulations» jusquen 1736 (pages 176-178).- «The Constitutions of the Committee of Masons charity first proposed at the Grand Lodge on 21 Nov. 1724» (pages 178-184).- «A list of the Lodges in and about London and Westminster» (pages 184-190).- «Deputations of several Grand Masters, to Wales, the country of England, and foreign parts» (pages 190-198). « The approbation of this Book of the Constitutions» par les dignitaires de la Grande Loge, datée du «25th January 1737/8 in the vulgar, year of Masonry 1737/8» (page 199). - « The Masters song [] by the author of this book[Anderson]», en 6 couplets (pages 200-201).- « The Wardens song [] by the author of this book [Anderson]» en 2 couplets (page 202).- « The Fellow-craft song, by Brother Charles De La Fay Esq » en 6 couplets (pages 203-204). - « The Enterd Prentices song, by Brother Mr. Matthew Birkhead » en 7 couplets (page 204-206).- «The Deputy Grand Masters song», en 7 couplets (pages 206-207).- «The Grand Wardens song, by Brother Oates», en 4 couplets (pages 207-208).- «The Treasurers song» en 4 couplets (page 209).- «The Secretarys song» en 4 couplets (page 210).- «The Sword-bearers song» en 4 couplets (pages 211-212).- «An ode to the Free Masons» en 2 couplets (page 212).- «An ode an Masonry, by Brother J. Bancks» en 12 couplets (pages 213-215).- «A defence of Masonry, publishd A. D. 1730, occasiond by a pamphlet calld Masonry dissected» (pages 216-226). - «Brother Euclids letter to the author against unjust cavils» (pages 226-228).- liste des Frères et des Loges qui ont «encouragé» lauteur (pages 229-230).- «Corrigenda» (page 1 sans no).- Catalogue des libraires Caesar Ward et Richard Chandler (page 2 sans no).
RARE REEMISSION DE LA SECONDE EDITION (1738) des Constitutions dAnderson sous une page de titre renouvelée. ce texte fondateur de la maçonnerie spéculative moderne fut rédigé en 1721-1722 par James Anderson (ca 1678-1739) - peut-être avec le concours de John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683-1744), mais la chose est aujourdhui contestée - à linitiative de John, 2eme duc de Montagu (1690-1749), grand-maître de la Grande Loge de Londres et de Westminster, afin de réguler des pratiques traditionnelles mais mal fixées. Si les Constitutions de 1723 ont été rédigées à lexpresse demande du groupement des loges créé en 1717, les Constitutions de 1738 relèvent dune initiative propre dAnderson, qui prit de grandes libertés doctrinales par rapport au texte primitif; de ce fait cette version ne fut jamais été reconnue comme officielle par la Grande Loge de Londres et de Westminster «et il a fallu plusieurs mises en vente avec de nouvelles pages de titre et frontispices pour en achever de vendre le stock» (Philippe Langlet: Les Constitutions de 1723 et leurs traductions en français). Ajoutons que la réémission de 1746 ne présente pas de frontispice du tout.
[LIVRE DHEURES FLAMAND A L'USAGE D'UTRECHT . En latin, manuscrit enluminé sur parchemin / FLAMISH BOOK OF HOURS FOR THE USE OF UTRECHT. In Latin, illuminated manuscript on parchment.]
SLND [Pays-Bas ou Belgique, circa 1470-1480]. 1470 1 vol in-12° (186 x 135 mm) manuscrit de [110] ff. de parchemin rédigé à lencre sur réglures tracées à lencre pâle de: [1] f. bl.), [6] ff. Note manuscrite de mariage à l'encre brune sur la 1ére contre-garde datée 1590. (calendrier calligraphié à l'encre brune et rouge sur 32 lignes avec lettrines enluminées), [102] ff. avec texte calligraphié sur 20 lignes, textualis formata ; 14 miniatures pleine page, 22 vignettes enluminés (Péricopes, Obsecro te, O intemerata et suffrages), initiales champies peintes dorées à la feuille avec entrelacs de fleurs trilobées en leur centre (sur six lignes), initiales champies dorées à la feuille (sur deux lignes) parfois avec antennes filigranées et fleuries, initiales dorées ou filigranées dans le texte, encadrements sur fonds criblé doré avec feuilles dacanthe bleues et oranges et petite végétation simple aux couleurs vives, bouts de lignes à lencre rouge et bleue avec un écu doré au milieu (litanies), rubriques, [1] f. bl. (rares salissures, traces dusage ou de frottements, corps douvrage demeuré frais et avec des coloris très vifs). Plein veau à entrelacs d'époque Renaissance avec vestiges de cires colorées et médaillon central (XVIe s.), dos à 5 nerfs orné, plats à riche décors dentrelacs dans encadrement de filets avec frise de feuillages et oiseaux, trace de cire blanche, bleue et rouge dans les entrelacs, roulette sur les coupes, tranches dorées, écoinçons et fermoirs de laiton. (restaurations au dos, petites usures ou défauts dusage)
Somptueux livre dheures à lusage dUtrecht produit à Bruges vers 1470-1480, manuscrit illustré de 36 peintures polychromes dont 14 à pleine page et 22 miniatures et orné de frises dans les marges et de nombreuses lettrines, miniatures identifiées de la main de lartiste « "le Maître du livre de la chasse de Philippe de Clèves". Livre de liturgique destiné aux fidèles catholiques laïcs, le livre d'heures permettait de suivre la liturgie des Heures. Il se distingue du bréviaire ou psautier qui était réservé aux clercs. Fruit dun long développement initié au XIVe siècle pour rendre la liturgie accessible aux laïcs, sa production brille de mille feux au XVe siècle. Les artistes rivalisent dinvention pour orner de leur main ces précieux volumes de dévotion privée. Les frères de Limbourg et Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, Simon Bening et le Livre dheures de Hennessy, Jean Fouquet et les Heures dÉtienne Chevalier, mais aussi une myriade de maîtres encore anonymes à limage du Maître de Bedford, en marquent les grands jalons jusquà lirruption de limprimerie qui en standardise la production. En complément de ce recueil de prières liées aux heures de la journée, le livre d'heures comporte le plus souvent un calendrier pour suivre l'évolution de la liturgie tout au long de l'année, et parfois des psaumes, les évangiles et des offices particuliers. Au moyen âge, avant lavènement de limprimerie, en raison du prix très élevé des manuscrits et de leur faible diffusion, Il est souvent le seul livre possédé par les familles qui parfois y notent leur état civil : mariage, naissances, décès. Cest le cas de notre livre dheures qui porte sur le premier contre plat cette émouvante inscription à lencre brune : « Ce dernier jour de septembre 1590, nous [Nom effacé : Claude Le Paige] lieutenant des gardes de son altesse de Bar Le Duc dune part et Alix de la Taxe dautre part avons épousée en face de la sainte église Catholique au lieu de Mircourt ». Avec sous les signatures lindication « Age 36 ans » et « Agée de 17 ans » et en dessous : « il mourut le 9 mai de lan 1610. Elle mourut le 14 septembre en lan 1622 » Notre manuscrit est entièrement rédigé en latin sur 108 feuillets recto verso. Il débute par les 12 pages du Calendrier à lusage de Rome/Utrecht : Variantes : 19 mars : Landoaldi pbri, 31 mars : Valerie v., 17 avril : Rufi mr., 7 mai : Gaudencii mr ( Godehardus ?), 14 mai : Corone Virginis, 21 mai : Valentis mr., 5 juillet: Donati mr. , 12 juillet: cleti pp., 5 sept. : Saturnini mr (rien à cette date dans CoKL), 12 sept. : Ypoliti, 12 oct. : Marvelli mr., 20 oct. : Asterius mr., 6 nov. : Winnoci abb.. - ff. 7r-9v : Péricopes évangéliques - ff. 11r-14v : Heures de la Croix - ff. 15r-18 : Heures du Saint Esprit - ff. 18r-20 : Missa Beate Marie - ff. 21-23 : Obsecro te et O Intemerata - ff.24-31 : Suffrages (Sainte Trinité, Saint Jean-Baptiste, Saint Pierre, Saint Paul, Saint Jean, Saint André, Saint Laurent, Saint Jacob, Saint Martin, Saint Nicolas, Sainte Catherine, Sainte Agathe, Sainte Barbara, Sainte Marguerite, Sainte Marie-Madeleine, Sainte Anne) - ff. 33r-69v : Heures de la Vierge à lusage de Rome : 33r : Matines 43r: Laudes 50r: Prime (antienne «Assumpta es », capitule « Que est ista » ) f.53r: Tierce f.56r: Sexte - f.59r: None (antienne «Pulchra es » et capitule « In plateis sicut ») f.62r: Vêpres 67r: Complies. - ff. 71r-74v : Officium beate Marie quod dicitur per totum adventum - ff. 76r- 81 : Psaumes pénitentiels - ff. 82-85v : Litanie et pétitions - ff. 87r-108v : Office des morts à lusage de Rome (suivant le relevé de Knud Ottosen, ordre des réponds : 14, 72, 24, 46, 32, 57, 68, 28, 40). Ce livre dheure fait partie dun corpus de dix manuscrits attribués à lartiste « "le Maître du livre de la chasse de Philippe de Clèves" ("the Master of Philip of Cleves's Livre de la chasse"), actif aux Pays Bas de Des détails de plusieurs miniatures ont permis au chercheur du CNRS Anno Wijsman, auteur dun corpus sur cet artiste, de lidentifier par comparaison avec les autres manuscrits : Tête du Christ sur la miniature de la trinité, profil de David en prière Les éléments floraux des frises sont très similaires à d'autres livres d'heures de la région de Bruges produits à cette époque, notamment le graphisme et les couleurs des feuilles d'Acanthe. Liste des miniatures à pleine page : - f.10v : Crucifixion avec la Vierge et saint Jean ; à larrière-plan un paysage de bosquets. - f.14v : Pentecôte dans le Cénacle. La Vierge est entourée des apôtres dans un édifice aux arcades ouverte laissant apercevoir lenceinte dun domaine. - f.17v : Nativité et adoration des anges. La Vierge tient lenfant Jésus devant deux anges agenouillés, dans un édifice gothique à colonnes et aux fenêtres en ogive. - f.31v : Annonciation. La chambre de la Vierge est de teintes orange et vert ; Gabriel porte une longue cape rouge. - f.41v : Visitation. La Vierge et Elisabeth se rencontrent sur le seuil dune chaumière devant une imposante bâtisse lacustre à toit pointu et chien-assis, flanquée dune tour médiévale à toiture bleue, avec pont-levis à larrière. Une entrée par leau est visible derrière la Vierge. - f.47v : Nativité. Lenfant jésus dans son ovale dor est encadré par Marie, Joseph et lange au second plan, ses ailes déployées, dans une sorte de seuil entre intérieur et extérieur dun bâtiment aux fenêtres à croisées. - f.50v : Annonciation aux bergers. Devant un paysage alternant diverses saisons avec à larrière-plan un château médiéval, deux bergers au milieu de leurs moutons reçoivent les rayons du message solaire. - f.53v. : Adoration des Mages. Deux des trois rois mages sont debout, un autre agenouillé. - f.56v. Présentation au Temple. La Vierge est accompagnée de Joseph et dune servante. - f.59v. : Massacre des Innocents. Hérode est représenté debout ordonnant de son sceptre à un soldat, à droite, dabattre son épée sur un nouveau-né couché nu sur le sol ; au loin, une scène montre un soldat tuant le bébé quune femme porte dans ses bras.- f.64v : Fuite en Égypte. La Vierge avec lenfant est sur un âne, précédés par Joseph ; au loin une colonne dont la statue se brise est placée au milieu dun paysage de bosquets. - f.68v. : Assomption de la Vierge. La Vierge au ciel, agenouillée devant le Père, le Christ et lEsprit Saint, reçoit son couronnement dans un écrin flamboyant or et rouge bordé dazur. - f.73v. : Le Roi David. Agenouillé en prière au premier plan, sa harpe et sa couronne posées par terre, il reçoit les rayons divins ; à larrière-plan, un paysage darbres et de montagnes est complété sur la gauche par un château médiéval. - f.84v : Résurrection de Lazare. Jésus debout parmi plusieurs personnages sur un fond de monastère gothique. Les initiales enluminées sont particulièrement soignées ainsi que les frises composées de fleurs diverses dont des feuilles dacanthe et des coquelicots. Les 24 miniatures des saints sont dune grande finesse, avec force de détails à limage du petit diable ailé représenté sur la première, derrière St Jean. Source iconographique précieuse historiquement, les décors, premiers et arrières plans des grandes peintures sont tout aussi finement exécutées, figurant villes, châteaux, habitations et des personnages du moyen âge. Son élégante reliure dépoque renaissance est légèrement postérieure. Cependant le corps douvrage, avec ses larges marges, semble ne pas avoir été rogné et il est possible quelle ait remplacé une première reliure fragile, comme du velours. Provenance : Claude Le Paige (circa 1552-1610), marié à Alix de La Taxe en 1590 à Mircourt [Mirecourt, commune française de Loraine] (inscription sur le premier contre plat transcrite plus haut). Il était le fils de Gérard Le Paige et Isabeau Hardy. Il fut anobli à la prière de l'Electeur de Cologne, par lettres de Charles duc de Lorraine, données à Nancy le 23 novembre 1585, pour services militaires rendus. ( Porte d'azur, à deux pigeons affrontés d'argent, membrés et becqués de gueules, posés sur un montjoye d'or, & surmontés d'une croisette de même, & pour cimier un lion naissant d'argent, tenant de sa patte droite une épée d'armes emmanchée d'or). Cette famille est originaire de la ville d'Angers. Son aïeul, Eustache-Alexandre Le Paige, qui était né dans cette ville, et se disait issu d'une famille noble, revenant des guerres d'Italie où il avait servi le roi en qualité de capitaine, sous le commandement du seigneur de la Trémoille, en passant à Basincourt, duché de Bar, épousa en 1500, Isabeau de La Chaussée. Il fixa sa demeure au dit Basincourt, où il est inhumé en la paroisse dudit lieu (Nobiliaire ou armorial général de la Lorraine et du Barrois Par Ambroise Pelletier, p. 474). Ex-libris manuscrit du XVI e siècle au contre plat inférieur : « François Bey ». Ouvrage dans un exceptionnel état de conservation, très frais plus dun demi-millénaire après sa production. Biblio : « Hanno Wijsman, Luxury Bound. Illustrated Manuscript Production and Noble and Princely Book Ownership in the Burgundian Netherlands (1400-1550), (Burgundica, xvi), Turnhout (Brepols), 2010, p.357, 580-581 » ; "Miniatures flamandes 1404-1482, Bernard Bousmanne et Thierry Delcourt, 2012". 1 vol. 12mo (186 x 135 mm) manuscript of [110] ff. of parchment written in ink on rules drawn in pale ink of: [1] f. bl.), [6] ff. handwritten marriage note in brown ink on 1st counterguard dated 1590. (calendar calligraphied in brown and red ink on 32 lines with illuminated initials), [102] ff. with calligraphy on 20 lines, textualis formata ; 14 full-page miniatures, 22 illuminated vignettes (Pericopes, Obsecro te, O intemerata and suffrages), gilt painted champie initials with interlacing three-lobed flowers in their center (on six lines), gilt champie initials (on two lines) sometimes with filigree and flowery antennae, gilded or watermarked initials in the text, frames on gilded cribbed background with blue and orange acanthus leaves and small simple vegetation in bright colors, line ends in red and blue ink with a gilded shield in the middle (litanies), rubrics, [1] f. bl. (rare soiling, traces of use or rubbing, body of the book still fresh and with very vivid colors). Full calf with Renaissance interlacing with vestiges of colored wax and central medallion (XVIth c.), spine with 5 ornate nerves, boards with rich interlacing decorations in a framing of fillets with frieze of foliage and birds, trace of white, blue and red wax in the interlacing, roulette on the edges, gilt edges, spandrels and brass clasps, ; restorations to the spine (minor wear or defects of use). Sumptuous book of hours for use in Utrecht produced in Bruges around 1470-1480, manuscript illustrated with 36 polychrome paintings including 14 full-page and 22 miniatures and decorated with friezes in the margins and numerous initials, miniatures identified by the hand of the artist "the Master of Philip of Cleves's Livre de la chasse". A liturgical book intended for the lay Catholic faithful, the Book of Hours allowed them to follow the Liturgy of the Hours. It differs from the breviary or psalter which was reserved for clerics. The result of a long development initiated in the 14th century to make the liturgy accessible to the laity, its production shines with a thousand lights in the 15th century. Artists competed with each other to decorate these precious volumes of private devotion with their own hands. The Limbourg brothers and the Très Riches Heures of the Duke of Berry, Simon Bening and the Hennessy Book of Hours, Jean Fouquet and the Hours of Étienne Chevalier, as well as a myriad of still anonymous masters such as the Master of Bedford, marked the major milestones until the advent of printing, which standardized their production. In addition to this collection of prayers linked to the hours of the day, the book of hours most often includes a calendar to follow the evolution of the liturgy throughout the year, and sometimes psalms, gospels and particular offices. In the Middle Ages, before the advent of printing, because of the very high price of manuscripts and their poor distribution, it was often the only book owned by families who sometimes noted their civil status: marriage, births, deaths. This is the case of our time book which bears on the first counter plate this moving inscription in brown ink: "This last day of September 1590, we ... [Name erased: Claude Le Paige] lieutenant of the guards of his highness of Bar Le Duc on the one hand and Alix de la Taxe on the other hand have married in front of the holy Catholic church at the place of Mircourt". With under the signatures the indication "Age 36 years" and "Aged 17 years" and underneath: "he died on May 9 of the year 1610. She died on September 14 in the year 1622". Our manuscript is entirely written in Latin on 108 double-sided sheets. It begins with the 12 pages of the Calendar for the use of Rome/Utrecht: Variants: March 19: Landoaldi pbri, March 31: Valerie v., April 17: Rufi mr., May 7: Gaudencii mr. ( Godehardus ?), May 14: Corone Virginis, May 21: Valentis mr., July 5: Donati mr. July 12: cleti pp., Sept. 5: Saturnini mr. (nothing at this date in CoKL), Sept. 12: Ypoliti, Oct. 12: Marvelli mr., Oct. 20: Asterius mr., Nov. 6: Winnoci abb. - ff. 7r-9v : Evangelical pericopes - ff. 11r-14v : Hours of the Cross - ff. 15r-18 : Hours of the Holy Spirit - ff. 18r-20 : Missa Beate Marie - ff. 21-23 : Obsecro te and O Intemerata - ff.24-31 ff. 24-31 : Suffrages (Holy Trinity, St. John the Baptist, St. Peter, St. Paul, St. John, St. Andrew, St. Lawrence, St. Jacob, St. Martin, St. Nicholas, St. Catherine, St. Agatha, St. Barbara, St. Margaret, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Anne) - ff. 33r-69v : Hours of the Blessed Virgin according to the usage of Rome : 33r : Matins - 43r : Lauds - 50r : Prime (antiphon " Assumpta es ", capitulum " Que est ista ") - f.53 r: Tierce - f.56r: Sexte - f.59r: None (antiphon "Pulchra es" and capitula "In plateis sicut") - f.62r: Vespers - 67r: Compline. - ff. 71r-74v: Officium beate Marie quod dicitur per totum adventum - ff. 76r- 81: Penitential psalms - ff. 82-85v: Litany and petitions - ff. 87r-108v: Office of the dead according to the usage of Rome (according to Knud Ottosen, order of the answers: 14, 72, 24, 46, 32, 57, 68, 28, 40) This book of hours is part of a corpus of ten manuscripts attributed to the artist "the Master of Philip of Cleves's Book of the Hunt", active in the Netherlands from 1470 to 1490. Details of several miniatures allowed CNRS researcher Anno Wijsman, author of a corpus on this artist, to identify it by comparison with other manuscripts: Head of Christ on the miniature of the trinity, profile of David in prayer The floral elements of the friezes are very similar to other books of hours from the Bruges region produced at this time, notably the graphics and colors of the Acanthus leaves. List of full-page miniatures: - f.10v : Crucifixion with the Virgin and Saint John; in the background a landscape of groves. - f.14v : Pentecost in the Upper Room. The Virgin is surrounded by the apostles in a building with open arches, showing the enclosure of an estate. - f.17v: Nativity and adoration of the angels. The Virgin is holding the baby Jesus in front of two kneeling angels, in a gothic building with columns and ogival windows. - f.31v: Annunciation. The Virgin's room is colored orange and green; Gabriel wears a long red cloak. - f.41v: Visitation. The Virgin and Elisabeth meet on the threshold of a thatched cottage in front of an imposing lacustrian building with a pointed roof and a dormer window, flanked by a medieval tower with a blue roof and a drawbridge at the back. An entrance through the water is visible behind the Virgin. - f.47v: Nativity. The infant Jesus in his golden oval is framed by Mary, Joseph and the angel in the background, his wings spread, in a sort of threshold between the interior and exterior of a building with cross windows. - f.50v: Annunciation to the shepherds. In front of a landscape alternating between different seasons, with a medieval castle in the background, two shepherds in the midst of their sheep are receiving the rays of the solar message. - f.53v. Adoration of the Magi. Two of the three wise men are standing, another is kneeling. - f.56v. Presentation in the Temple. The Virgin is accompanied by Joseph and a servant girl. - f.59v. Massacre of the Innocents. Herod is depicted standing and ordering a soldier on the right with his sceptre to strike down his sword on a newborn child lying naked on the ground; in the distance, a scene shows a soldier killing the baby a woman is carrying in her arms. f.64v: Flight into Egypt. The Virgin with the child is on a donkey, preceded by Joseph; in the distance a column whose statue is breaking is placed in the middle of a landscape of groves. - f.68v. Assumption of the Virgin. The Virgin in heaven, kneeling before the Father, Christ and the Holy Spirit, receives her coronation in a flamboyant gold and red box bordered with azure. - f.73v. King David. Kneeling in prayer in the foreground, his harp and crown on the ground, he receives the divine rays; in the background, a landscape of trees and mountains is completed on the left by a medieval castle. - f.84v: Resurrection of Lazarus. Jesus stands among several figures against the background of a Gothic monastery. The illuminated initials are particularly well done, as are the friezes composed of various flowers including acanthus leaves and poppies. The 24 miniatures of the saints are of great finesse, with many details such as the small winged devil represented on the first one, behind St John. Historically valuable iconographic source, the backgrounds, foregrounds and backgrounds of the large paintings are equally finely executed, depicting cities, castles, homes and characters of the Middle Ages. Its elegant Renaissance binding is slightly later. However, the body of the book, with its wide margins, seems not to have been trimmed and it is possible that it replaced a first fragile binding, like velvet. Provenance : Claude Le PAIGE (circa 1552-1610), married to Alix de La Taxe in 1590 in Mircourt [Mirecourt, French commune of Loraine] (inscription on the back of the first cover transcribed above). He was the son of Gérard Le PAIGE and Isabeau HARDY. He was ennobled at the request of the Elector of Cologne, by letters from Charles Duke of Lorraine, given to Nancy on November 23, 1585, for military services rendered. (Door Azure, 2 doves affrontee Argent, membered and beaked Gules, set on a montjoye Or, & surmounted by a crosslet of the same, & for crest a newborn lion Argent, holding from its right paw a sword of arms hilted in gold). This family is from the city of Angers. His grandfather, Eustache-Alexandre Le Paige, who was born in this city, and said he came from a noble family, returning from the Italian wars where he had served the king as a captain, under the command of the lord de la Trémoille, passing through Basincourt, duchy of Bar, married in 1500, Isabeau de La Chaussée. He fixed his residence at the said Basincourt, where he is buried (Nobiliary or armorial general of Lorraine and Barrois By Ambroise Pelletier, p. 474). Handwritten ex-libris from the 16th century on the lower cover : François Bey. Work in an exceptional state of conservation, very fresh more than half a millennium after its production. Biblio : « Hanno Wijsman, Luxury Bound. Illustrated Manuscript Production and Noble and Princely Book Ownership in the Burgundian Netherlands (1400-1550), (Burgundica, xvi), Turnhout (Brepols), 2010, p.357, 580-581 » ; "Miniatures flamandes 1404-1482, Bernard Bousmanne et Thierry Delcourt, 2012".
Phone number : 06 81 35 73 35
Visualizing Justice in Burgundian Prose Romance. Text and Image in Manuscripts of the Wavrin Master (1450s-1460s)
, Brepols, 2020 Hardback, 389 pages, Size:178 x 254 mm, Illustrations:140 col., Language: English. ISBN 9782503586335.
Summary This is the first monograph devoted to manuscripts illuminated by the mid-fifteenth-century artist known as the Wavrin Master, so-called after his chief patron, Jean de Wavrin, chronicler and councillor at the court of Philip the Good of Burgundy. Specializing in the production of pseudo-historical prose romances featuring the putative ancestors of actual Burgundian families, the artist was an attentive interpreter of these texts which were designed to commemorate the chivalric feats of past heroes and to foster their emulation by noble readers of the day. Integral to these heroes' deeds is the notion of justice, their worth being measured by their ability to remedy criminal acts such as adultery, murder, rape, and usurpation. In a corpus of 10 paper manuscripts containing the texts of 15 romances and over 650 watercolour miniatures, the stylized, expressive images of the Wavrin Master bring out with particular clarity the lessons in justice which these works offered their contemporary audience, many of whom, from the Burgundian dukes downwards, would have been responsible for upholding the law in their territories. Chapters are devoted to issues such as the nature of just war and how it is linked to good rulership; what forms of legal redress the heroines of these tales are able to obtain with or without the help of a male champion; and what responses are available in law to a spouse betrayed by an adulterous partner. The book will be of interest to scholars of medieval art, literature, legal and cultural history, and gender studies. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures Foreword and acknowledgements Introduction This chapter sets out the rationale for the monograph. First, it situates its approach to study of the works of the Wavrin Master in relation to past and current scholarship in the field of Burgundian manuscript illlumination. Second, it explains and briefly illustrates the methodology it adopts, this being the analysis of the interplay between text and image in manuscripts of these prose romances, from the particular perspective of how this interplay inflects the issues of justice that are raised in the narrative. Third, it outlines in detail the precise research questions that will be addressed in the monograph and explicates the order of the chapters, justifying which texts have been selected from the corpus for detailed treatment. Chapter 1: Artist, Corpus, Patrons, Court This chapter provides a detailed context for analysis of the manuscripts in the Wavrin Master corpus by outlining who the artist was, what his body of work consisted of, who his chief patrons were, what books they held in their libraries, and how these texts contributed to the wider ideological project of legitimising the Burgundian polity as a personal union between the lord and his subjects, particularly during the reigns of the third and fourth dukes, Philip the Good and Charles the Bold. It thus sees these romances as forming part of a "literature of statecraft" teaching princely virtues, especially on matters of justice, alongside moralising works such as mirrors for princes, military treatises, and the many different types of historiographical texts that found favour at the Burgundian court. Chapter 2: Justice, Warfare, and Rulership in Florimont, the Seigneurs de Gavre and Saladin This chapter focuses on three texts whose presentation of the hero's military exploits can be read as a demonstration of medieval just war theory in action and of the link between just war and just rulership. It argues that the first two tales, Florimont and the Seigneurs de Gavre, can be seen as paradigmatic of the Wavrin Master's corpus in depicting an unequivocally exemplary hero as a just warrior and later ruler pitted against a series of antagonists whose illegitimate wars destroy their credibility as governors of their lands. By contrast, the third text, Saladin, is much more ambivalent in its portrayal of a hero whose undoubted status as a model of just conduct in war is fatally undermined by his reasons for going to war in the first place, being chiefly motivated by an insatiable desire for conquest, a lesson which may well have had a particular pertinence for Charles the Bold whose territorial ambitions far outstripped those of all three of his ducal predecessors. Translating these texts' often abstract ideas about just war and just rulership into the realm of the visual, the Wavrin Master plays with the extent to which the hero as a chivalric leader can be contrasted with his opponents in terms of both his appearance and his physical domination of space as a way of underlining the rightfulness or wrongfulness of the military causes he espouses. Chapter 3: Poor Judgements: Righting Wrongs against Women in G rard de Nevers, the Fille du comte de Pontieu, and Florence de Rome This chapter examines three romances that deal with the righting of wrongs perpetrated by men against women and the ways in which these female victims of injustice find legal redress. In the first of these texts, G rard de Nevers, justice for the wronged heroine is obtained by the male figure who had endangered her in the first place, as he fights a series of judicial duels to clear her name. Nevertheless, the heroine herself is not simply a passive receiver of this justice but herself has to use the workings of the law in order to regain her rightful place in society, in particular through her eloquence in pleading in court. The doubly wronged heroine of the second text, the Fille du comte de Pontieu, victim of a gang-rape and of her own father's punishment of her for having supposedly dishonoured her family, gains legal redress through her own efforts, pardoning the father who had wronged her but also making him swear a solemn oath never to reproach her again for her misfortune. Finally, in Florence de Rome, the heroine is abducted by her brother-in-law and subjected to multiple attempts at rape but eventually attains justice through herself exercising judgement over her transgressors. In his treatment of these women in relation to justice, the Wavrin Master places particular emphasis on representing scenes of crimes so as to establish the heroine's innocence and the different forms of judicial process by which she regains her honour and status. Valorising women in relation to justice through their demonstration of eloquence as well as through their capacity to make just judgements, these romances play their part in legitimising the role that high-status women such as the duchesses in particular were playing de facto in the good governance of the Burgundian polity. Chapter 4: Domestic Betrayals: Adultery and the Problem of Lawful Response in the Chastellain de Coucy and the Comte d'Artois This chapter, which deals with two romances that focus on the question of adultery, seeks to correct a scholarly misconception about the prevalence of extramarital relationships in Burgundian chivalric literature being a reflection of the licence that members of the male elite, particularly Philip the Good himself, allowed themselves in their own adulterous relations. It argues that, in fact, rather than celebrating extramarital love, the Chastellain de Coucy and the Comte d'Artois are concerned to teach their noble readers, both male and female, about the dangers of adultery. In particular, the way in which the domestic betrayals within these romances are treated textually and visually rejects the idea of adultery as an ennobling passion (as found in the Tristan legend, for example) and instead examines the lawful or unlawful response on the part of the betrayed spouse to the fact of their betrayal, thus addressing the wider social and legal repercussions of such extramarital passions. In his treatment of these two texts, the Wavrin Master draws on multiple pictorial traditions and runs a gamut of emotions from the courtly to the bathetic and from the erotic to the tragic in order to show that adultery, as an act of private domestic betrayal, can only lead to further forms of injustice. Conclusion: Text, Image, Ideology, Justice This chapter summarises the case made for seeing the Wavrin Master as a highly original interpreter of an unusually homogeneous body of works, ones in which the interplay of text and image is integral to the way that its lessons in statecraft, particularly on the issue of justice, would have been received at the court of Burgundy by both a male and a female audience. Appendix 1: Corpus of manuscripts Bibliography Index
"MARX, KARL [Translated by:] P. RUMYANTSEV [Edited by:] A.MANUILOV.
Reference : 59587
(1896)
Kritika nekotorykh polozhenii politicheskoi ekonomii. (i.e.: ""Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie"", i.e.: ""A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy""). - [FIRST RUSSIAN TRANSLATION OF THE BLUEPRINT FOR ""DAS KAPITAL"" ]
Moscow, Izdanie Vladimira Bonch-Bruevicha, 1896. 8vo. In a later modest black half calf binding with marbled boards. Traces of stamp to verso of front and back board. Title-page slightly rubbed. Occassional underlignings in text and margins. Pp. 145-146 reinforced in margin. Otherwise a fine copy. XII, (4), (1)-160 pp.
Exceedingly rare first Russian translation of this groundbreaking work, in which Marx first presents his revolutionizing theories of capitalism. For years, the present work was largely overshadowed by ‘Das Kapital’, and despite being published 8 years earlier (The original being published in 1859, ‘Das Kapital’ in 1867), the present work was not translated, until ‘Das Kapital’ had made Marx a household name in socialist and revolutionary circles, making the present translation comparatively early (the first English translation being from 1904).The Russian censorship cut Marx’ preface in this first translation - the full text did not appear until the revolutionary decade of 1905-1917. This Manuilov/Rumiantsev-translation remained the canonic-translation throughout the Soviet rule. The translation was made by Bolshevik revolutionary Petr Rumiantsev (1870-1924), who left the party in 1907 and emigrated in 1918, but the success of the present translation is primarily due to editor Manuilov. Editor Alexander Appolonovich Manuilov (1861-1929) was a Russian economist and politician, famous not only as one of the founding members of the Constitutional Democratic party (known as the Kadets), but also as the Russian translator of the present work. ""Manuilov graduated from the law department of the University of Novorossiia (Odessa, 1883). He began scholarly and pedagogical work in political economy in 1888. In 1901 he became head of a subdepartment at Moscow University, becoming assistant rector in 1905 and serving as rector from 1908 to 1911. He was dismissed by the tsarist government for attacking the ""extremes"" of Stolypin's agrarian legislation. In the 1890's he was a liberal Narodnik (Populist), later becoming a Constitutional Democrat (Cadet) and a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party. Manuilov's draft on agrarian reform (1905) was the basis for the Cadets' agrarian program. V. I. Lenin sharply criticized Manuilov, calling him one of ""the bourgeois liberal friends of the muzhik who desire the 'extension of peasant land ownership' but do not wish to offend the landlords"" (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 11, p. 126, note).""At the beginning of his scholarly career Manuilov accepted the labor theory of value. In 1896 he translated K. Marx' work A Contribution to the Criticism of Political Economy (Zur Kritik der Politischen Oekonomie). During the years of reaction he espoused subjectivist and psychological views in political economy. In 1917 he was minister of education of the Provisional Government. After the October Revolution in 1917 he emigrated but soon returned and cooperated with Soviet power. He participated in the orthographic reform (1918). In 1924 he became a member of the board of Gosbank (State Bank). He taught in higher educational institutions. Changing to Marxist positions and relying on Lenin's works, he criticized the revisionists and neo-Narodniks on the agrarian question."" (Encycl. Britt.). For many years, the exclusive focus on ""Das Kapital"" meant that the ""Kritik"" was overlooked. Since the beginning of the 1960's, however, scholars have become increasingly aware of its importance as the blueprint for the social and economic theory Marx shall go on to develop (see for example Raymond Aron, ""Le Marxisme de Marx"", 1962). It is here that Marx outlines the research programme to which he shall devote the rest of his working life. He himself described ""Das Kapital"" as a continuation of his ""Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie"" (see e.g. PMM 359), in which his primary concern is an examination of capital and in which he provides the theoretical foundation for his political conclusions later presented in ""Das Kapital"". ""I examine the system of bourgeois economy in the following order: capital, landed property, wage-labour" the State, foreign trade, world market. The economic conditions of existence of the three great classes into which modern bourgeois society is divided are analysed under the first three headings the interconnection of the other three headings is self-evident. The first part of the first book, dealing with Capital, comprises the following chapters: 1. The commodity, 2. Money or simple circulation" 3. Capital in general. The present part consists of the first two chapters."" (Preface to the present work, in the translation (by S.W. Ryazanskaya) of the Progress Publishers-edition, Moscow, 1977). Apart from the obvious importance of the work as the foundational precursor to what is probably the greatest revolutionary work of the nineteenth century, the ""Kritik"" is of the utmost importance in the history of political and economic thought, as it is here, in the preface, that Marx outlines his classic formulation of historical materialism. This preface contains the first connected account of what constitutes one of Marx's most important and influential theories, namely the economic interpretation of history - the idea that economic factors condition the politics and ideologies that are possible in a society. ""The first work which I undertook to dispel the doubts assailing me was a critical re-examination of the Hegelian philosophy of law"" the introduction to this work being published in the Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher issued in Paris in 1844. My inquiry led me to the conclusion that neither legal relations nor political forms could be comprehended whether by themselves or on the basis of a so-called general development of the human mind, but that on the contrary they originate in the material conditions of life, the totality of which Hegel, following the example of English and French thinkers of the eighteenth century, embraces within the term ""civil society"""" that the anatomy of this civil society, however, has to be sought in political economy. The study of this, which I began in Paris, I continued in Brussels, where I moved owing to an expulsion order issued by M. Guizot. The general conclusion at which I arrived and which, once reached, became the guiding principle of my studies can be summarised as follows. In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or - this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms - with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an era of social revolution. The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure."" (Preface to the present work, in the translation (by S.W. Ryazanskaya) of the Progress Publishers-edition, Moscow, 1977). OCLC lists merely three copies, all in the US (Havard, Wisconsin, and Hoover Institute on War).
