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MARX Karl (Traduit par) ROY Joseph
Le Capital
Librairie du Progrès - Directeur Maurice Lachatre & Cie, Paris s.d (1875), 19,5x28cm, 351 pp, relié.
Reference : 85992
Edition originale française en premier tirage, traduite par Joseph Roy, en partie inédite car entièrement révisée et enrichie par Karl Marx. Bien complet des deux pages de titre à l'adresse de Lachatre, du portrait de Karl Marx en frontispice, du fac-similé de sa lettre à l'éditeur, et de la réponse de celui-ci au verso, qui sera supprimée des tirages suivants. Modeste reliure de l'époque en demi percaline bronze, dos lisse, titre et filets dorés, reliure signée d'une vignette en pied du contreplat, "Buchbinderei Schey & Co, Zürich". *** Cette première version française parue en livraisons entre 1872 et 1875, mais ne rencontra aucun succès, comme en témoigne l'éditeur dans une lettre à Marx le 24 décembre 1873 : « La vente est nulle sur votre livre (...). Le tirage se fait à 1100 exemplaires, presque tous au magasin ». Les cahiers invendus furent en partie assemblés et proposés en volumes brochés et reliés au début 1876. Mais le livre peine achevé, les libraires en sabotaient la diffusion. En juin 1879, La Châtre écrit à Marx: «Il reste encore trois cents exemplaires des dernières livraisons qui avaient été tirées à mille. On aurait donc vendu seulement 600 ou 700 exemplaires dans une période de six ans. C'est un bien triste résultat ... » Ce fut une déception majeure pour Karl Marx qui s'était particulièrement investi dans cette édition française, la seule traduction dont il ait assuré la révision, et la dernière de son vivant. Karl Marx: «désirait intervenir avec Le Capital dans les débats théoriques et politiques français, fortement marqués par l'héritage de Proudhon, dans un pays où l'Internationale était plus concrètement organisée que partout ailleurs et dont la capitale s'était « mise en Commune ». Le Capital, en France, c'était en quelque sorte l'épilogue d'un long débat théorique et politique commencé en langue française vingt années plus tôt avec la première polémique contre Proudhon. (...)Marx mena de front en 1872 la correction et révision de la traduction de Joseph Roy et le remaniement de la première édition allemande en vue de la deuxième édition chez l'éditeur Meissner. Ce double travail, dont les deux lignes s'entrecroisent en permanence, est en partie la cause des nombreuses différences qui subsistent entre les textes allemands de la 2e édition (et même des éditions ultérieures) et la version française que Marx remaniait parallèlement et séparément. A chaque phase du processus (préparation du texte de départ pour Roy, correction des épreuves pour Meissner, correction de la traduction envoyée par Roy, correction des épreuves envoyées par l'imprimeur), Marx introduisait des changements, au grand désespoir des imprimeurs. Chez beaucoup d'auteurs, cette division du travail en phases différentes aboutirait à un grand nombre de variantes brèves. Chez Marx, elle encourageait une tendance qui n'avait pas besoin d'être encouragée, la tendance à la réécriture perpétuelle, au palimpseste. » (Jean-Pierre Lefebvre, introduction à la réédition du Capital en 1983 aux Editions Sociales). Le 28 avril 1875, Karl Marx ajoute à un avis au lecteur qui paraitra dans la dernière livraison, page 348, précisant son investissement dans cette version française et son importance dans l'uvre du philosophe: «[La scrupuleuse traduction de M. J. Roy m'a] obligé à modifier la rédaction, dans le but de la rendre plus accessible au lecteur. Ces remaniements faits au jour le jour, puisque le livre se publiait par livraison, on été exécutés avec une attention inégale et ont dû produire des discordances de style. Ayant une fois entrepris ce travail de révision, j'ai été conduit à l'appliquer aussi au fond du texte original (la seconde édition allemande), à simplifier quelques développements, à en compléter d'autres, à donner des matériaux historiques ou statistiques additionnels, à ajouter des aperçus critiques, etc. Quelles que soient donc les imperfections littéraires de cette édition française, elle possède une valeur scientifique indépendante de l'originale et doit être consultée même par les lecteurs familiers avec la langue allemande.» Notre exemplaire, fut d'ailleurs sans doute acquis par un ccompatriote de Karl Marx puisqu'il fut relié à l'époque par un relieur de Zurich, Schey & Co. En 1957, il est acquis par un bibliophile à Zagreb, dans la Yougoslavie de Tito, comme en témoigne les marginalia de la page de garde. Triple ex-libris d'époque sur la page de garde et les deux pages de titre. Précieux exemplaire de l'édition française aussi capitale que l'originale allemande. - Photos sur www.Edition-originale.com -
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5 book(s) with the same title
On the Nature of Capital (+) On the Nature of Capital: Investment, Intangible Assets, and the Pecuniary Magnate.
(Boston, Stanford University Press), 1908. 8vo. Two offprints in the original printed wrappers. Offprints from ""Quarterly Journal of Economics"", Vol. XXII, August & Vol. XXIII, November 1908. Vol. XXII: Backwrapper detached, a few small nicks to extremities. Vol. XXIII: Front wrapper detached. Fine and clean. Pp. 517-42"" Pp. 103-136.
Two scarce offprints of Veblen's important publications on the theory of capital. Here Veblen broadens the concept of capital to include the capital of knowledge. Thus, Veblen's theory laid ""the foundation for a system of property rights created to enable individuals to productively utilize knowledge that resides within the community as a whole"" (Niman, Henry George and the Development of Thorstein Veblen's Theory of Capital). ""The foundation of Veblen's theory of capital is rooted in the special position knowledge holds in society. Knowledge forms the basis for the productive use of natural resources and is a community asset that, at its most fundamental level, is not owned by a single individual. Thus, Veblen's theory begins by laying the foundation for a system of property rights created to enable individuals to productively utilize knowledge that resides within the community as a whole. These property rights make it possible for the creation and ownership of capital in the form of industrial equipment. With growth in the scale and scope of the community comes the ability to monopolize a portion of the community's asset for pecuniary gain. Monopolization then leads to a form of economic servitude that is similar to slavery."" (Niman, Henry George and the Development of Thorstein Veblen's Theory of Capital).In contrast to conventional theories of capital that are founded on the productive labor of workers and described in individualistic terms, Veblen believed that the history of humanity is not the story of a collection of independent individuals, but, rather, is based on the collective contribution of the group. The group plays an important role because it is the group that forms the entity where knowledge iscaptured and stored.""Thorstein Veblen's theory of capital as an important element in developing an evolutionary economics warrants a closer investigation into the origins of the concept. In his essay outlining the basic theory of capital, Veblen (1908) makes explicit reference to the single taxers, and to the relationship between land as an unearned source of rent and the returns associated with capital.If one considers Veblen's anthropological approach to economics, then it becomes easier to see how, as society develops, capital in the form of community-based knowledge takes on the fundamental role previously played in an earlier era by land. Veblen's theory of capital does not invalidate the earlier focus on land, but, rather, is one step further down the path of economic development."" (Niman, Henry George and the Development of Thorstein Veblen's Theory of Capital).Thorstein Bunde Veblen was an American economist and sociologist, and regarded as being the founding figure of the institutional economics movement. ""He studied economics under John Bates Clark, a leading neoclassical economist, but rejected his ideas. He did his graduate work at Johns Hopkins University under Charles Sanders Peirce, the founder of the pragmatist school in philosophy, and at Yale University under laissez-faire proponent William Graham Sumner. He repudiated their views as well. Veblen did not reject economists' answers to the questions they posed"" he simply thought their questions were too narrow. Veblen wanted economists to try to understand the social and cultural causes and effects of economic changes."" (The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics).
El Capital. Resumido y acompanado de un estudio sobre el socialismo científico por Gabriel Deville. Primera edición [Marx / Deville] (+) Socialismo Utopico y Socialismo Cientifico [Engels] (+) La Ley de Los Salarios y Sus Consecuencias [Guesde]. - [FIRST SPANISH EDITION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ABRIDGED VERSION OF ""THE CAPITAL""]
Madrid, Ricardo Fé, 1887. 8vo. Contemporary brown half calf with gilt lettering and ornamentation to spine and red paper covered boards. Most leaves evenly browned (due to the quality of the paper) and some brownspotting to last few leaves. Overall a very good copy indeed of this otherwise fragile book. [Socialismo Utopico... :] pp. (1)-91, (1) + frontispiece of Engels" [La Ley de Los Salarios... :] pp. (1)-44 + frontiespiece of Guesde" [El Capital:] pp. (I)-LVI, 263 pp.
The exceedingly scarce first Spanish edition of the most important abridged version of Marx's Capital ever to have appeared, published in the same year as what is generally accepted as the first Spanish edition of ""Das Kapital"" (Zafrilla's abridged version - defectively translated from Roy's French version - which was published in newspaper installments 1886-87).This Spanish translation was made from the French of Gabriel Deville (1854 -1940), the great French socialist theoretician, politician and diplomat, who did more than almost anyone else to raise awareness of Karl Marx's theories of the weaknesses of capitalism - most effectively through the present work, which came to have a profound influence upon the spreading of Marxist thought throughout the Spanish speaking part of the world. ""The epitome, here translated, was published in Paris, in 1883, by Gabriel Deville, possibly the most brilliant writer among the French Marxians. It is the most successful attempt yet made to popularize Marx's scientific economics. It is by no means free from difficulties, for the subject is essentially a complex and difficult subject, but there are no difficulties that reasonable attention and patience will not enable the average reader to overcome. There is no attempt at originality. The very words in most cases are Marx's own words, and Capital is followed so closely that the first twenty-five chapters correspond in subject and treatment with the first twenty-five chapters of Capital. Chapter XXVI corresponds in the main with Chapter XXVI of Capital, but also contains portions of chapter XXX. The last three chapters-XXVII, XXVIII, and XXIX-correspond to the last three chapters-XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII-of Capital."" (ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE, Intruductory Note to the 1899 English translation).The Spanish translator of the work is Antonio Atienza, a typographer and translator at the press of Ricardo Fé, who in 1886 volunteered his work at the newly founded ""El Socialista"", the Spanish flagship publication of Marxist socialism. It was also in 1886 that Atienza translated the present work, with the publication following in 1887. This translation happened almost simultaneously with the ""translation"" by Zafrilla, which appeared in weekly installments in the rival newspaper ""La Républica"", and the two first versions of ""Das Kapital"" to appear in Spanish tell the story of more than just the desire to spread Marx's ideas in Spain. Both versions were part of an ongoing struggle between political parties vying for the loyalty of Spain's workers (see more below). THE WORK IS OF THE UTMOST SCARCITY, WITH MERELY THREE COPIES LISTED ON OCLC (two in Bristish Library and one in Bibliothèque Nationale) and none at auction over the last 40 years at least.Backgrund for the publication:Among the numerous nascent political organizations that sprouted in the last half of 19th century Spain, many of them as a result to the tumultuous years after the so-called ""Glorious Revolution"" of 1868, was the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). The party was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879, and it was the second socialist party in Europe, preceded only by the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD). Notably, of the original twenty-five founding members sixteen were typographers. March of 1886 was a turning point for the PSOE, as they began to publish a weekly newspaper, ""El Socialista"", in order to reach a wider audience throughout Spain and thus advance the Marxist socialist agenda, of which the paper became the flagship. (To this day, it is the official paper of the PSOE, the present ruling party in Spain, although it was suppressed during the years of Franco's dictatorial regime and published sporadically in exile, in France, or clandestinely in Spain. It was again published regularly since 1978. The PSOE gave up Marxism in 1979 in favor of Democratic Socialism.)In 1886 the translator of the present work, Antonio Atienza, was a typographer and translator at the press of Ricardo Fé. At the same time, he volunteered his work at the newly founded El Socialista, as the PSOE funds were quite limited-he wouldn't have a paid position in the paper until 1913. He translated articles by Engels, Guesde, and Buechner, among others.""Das Kapital"" had been published twenty years earlier. That it took so long to reach Spain in book form reveals, among other things, that up to that moment most of Marx's thoughts had filtered through to the workers' unions and parties by way of the writings of his followers as they were interpreted and explained by the intellectuals in charge of these organizations. It is also evident that the complexity of the book wouldn't be of much use to the average worker, factory and otherwise. Enter Deville's abridged version, which was more accessible in that some of the most basic ideas of Marx were digested and re-explained. The point was not to publish a book that could only be only be understood by economists and philosophers, but one that could be given to the workers. A rival party leftist party, considered by the PSOE as bourgeois, was the Partido Republicano Federal. One of its members, Pablo Correa y Zafrilla, undertook the task of translating the first volume of Das ""Kapital"". Quite usual for Spain at the time, the translation was published in weekly instalments to subscribers of their newspaper, ""La República"", starting in 1886 and ending in 1887. The paper then sold the cloth binding to its subscribers and offered to collect the installments to have the book bound for its customers. According to the ad in ""La República"" (22/1/1886), the translation is purportedly from the German original, but it has been clearly demonstrated that it is a defective translation from the French translation of Roy (Ribas). It seems very plausible that when the PSOE found out that someone else in Spain was beginning to publish a translation of the first volume of ""Das Kapital"", El Socialista decided to publish Deville's translation. In fact, the publication of El Capital by ""La República"" was briefly mentioned once in ""El Socialista"", and not in flattering terms (7/10/1887). That a Marxist newspaper disparaged against the first Spanish publication of ""Das Kapital"" reveals, among other things, that they were not terribly excited about some other party's publication producing a defective rendering of their guiding principles. On the other hand, that ""La República"" had decided to publish the book was probably brought about by the foundation of ""El Socialista"", as they saw that the PSOE now had the means to spread their ideas throughout the country. It is in no small way possible that the haste to publish the book brought about the many defects in the translation from the French of Roy as Correa hurried to finish it.José Mesa y Leompart, a typographer, translator, and Marxist ideologue and activist, had experienced the upheavals of the Commune of Paris during his exile after the 1868 revolution. He developed a friendship with Marx's son in law, Paul Lafargue, and his wife, Laura Marx-who themselves had been in exile in Spain during 1871-72-, as well as with Engels, with whom he shared much correspondence, and many other figures of the Marxist movement. He also met both Marx and Engels during their exile in London. His friendship with Pablo Iglesias was a major driving force behind the formation of the PSOE, and he collaborated with El Socialista both as a writer and as a financial supporter. Mesa writes to Engels in April of 1887 lamenting that some Spanish thinkers were using Marx's theories and the policies of the German Socialist Party to deny the concept of class struggle, despite the fact that ""we have […] proven to them that you and Marx have always said the opposite, and having quoted to them the very clear statements of the German Socialist Party"" [but] they remain unmovable, and at some point they even wanted to publish the abridged Capital by Deville, without the preface, and with notes interpreting the meaning in their own way-which we have impeded-(the Resumen [abridgement] of Deville will soon be published, faithfully translated into Spanish.""Therefore, as early as April of 1887 the present translation was already in progress, and in fact, according to Mesa, soon to be published, so it was apparently very advanced. It is then quite possible that Antonio Atienza was commissioned to translate the Deville's abridgement a few months earlier, and not unlikely as far as 1886, when ""La República"" was still publishing installments of the Correa translation. The PSOE is obviously trying to obscure and minimize Correa's translation by publishing the Deville book, as the task of translating ""Das Kapital"" from the original would be lengthy and costly, and it would have come out too late to ascertain their political hold on Marx's ideas. This translation of Deville, then, sees the light is in the very midst of the bickering between leftist parties, and is in fact a product of the confrontations between leftist ideologies. It was finally published about nine months after Mesa's letter to Engels. The first announcement in ""El Socialista"" appears in their November 11th, 1887 issue. The price is four pesetas, or about the cost of an entire year's subscription to the paper, although subscribers could purchase it at half price. Still, given that many subscribers were workers of scarce means, less than three hundred copies were sent out to the main Spanish cities, and that the total edition was probably about a thousand copies at most.The scarcity of this book can be underlined if one considers the virulent war that was waged against all socialist and Marxist literature during and after the Spanish Civil War by the dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco. Book purges and burnings were considerable throughout Spain since the onset of the war, in 1936. It is not that books were burnt sporadically and occasionally, but rather they were destroyed in a systematic and terrifyingly efficient manner. As early as September of 1936 official orders were given to all civil governors, mayors, school inspectors in the nationalist areas to purge all ""harmful"" books, such as pornography and books of a communist or Marxist content. Teachers, librarians, and private citizens, often purged their own libraries, public or personal, of such works in order to comply with the official orders. Countless people were summarily executed for owning certain books that revealed their political tendencies. Obviously, owning actual edition of a book by Marx was reason enough to be deemed guilty and likely executed. As the war advanced, many other such official orders were issued, and unfathomable numbers of books were burnt. To this is added that many libraries were burnt down during the bombardments that took place throughout the country, and that all the libraries of the leftist parties were systematically destroyed. The end of the war, in 1939, only made it official throughout the entire country that communist and socialist literature was banned. So even the few copies that might have survived the fires and the purges were surely disposed of by their owners. It is no small wonder that this particular copy did manage to survive.Withbound in the present volume is the first Spanish translation of Engels' ""Socialism: Utopian and Scientific"" and Jules Guesde's work on the Law of Wages. See:Ribas, Pedro. ""La primera traducción castellana de El capital, 1886 - 1887"", in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, Madrid, junio de 1985, pp. 201-210.Castillo, Santiago. ""Marxismo y socialismo en el siglo XIX español"", in, Movimiento sociales y estado en la España contemporánea, Manuel Ortiz et al (coord.), Universidad de Castila-La Mancha, 2001Boza Puerta, Mariano, and Sánchez Herrador, Miguel Ángel. ""El martirio de los libros: una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil."" In Boletín de la Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios. Año nº 22, Nº 86-87, 2007, págs. 79-96Tur, Francesc. https://serhistorico.net/2018/04/04/el-bibliocausto-en-la-espana-de-franco-1936-1939/
Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Zweiter Band. Buch II: Der Cirkulationsprocess des Kapitals. Herausgeben von Friedrich Engels. - [""THE FORGOTTEN BOOK OF CAPITAL""]
Hamburg: Otto Meissner, 1885. 8vo. Very nice contemporary black half calf with gilt spine. A bit of wear to extremitoes. Inner front hinge a little weak. Title-page a littel dusty, but otherwise very nice and clean. Book-plate (Arnold Heertje) to inside of front board. XXVII, (1), 526 pp. + 1 f. With pp. 515-16 in the first state (""Consumtionsfonds"" with a C) and with the imprint-leaf at the end.
Scarce first edition of the second volume of ""The Capital"", edited from Marx's manuscripts by Friedrich Engels and with a 20 pages long preface by Engels. The second volume constitutes a work in its own right and is also known under the subtitle ""The Process of Circulation of Capital "". Although this work has often been to as referred to as ""the forgotten book"" of Capital or ""the unknown volume"", it was in fact also extremely influential and highly important - it is here that Marx introduces his ""Schemes of Reproduction"", here that he founds his particular macroeconomics, and here that he so famously distinguishes two ""departments"" of production: those producing means of production and those producing means of consumption - ""This very division, as well as the analysis of the relations between these departments, is one of the enduring achievements of Marx's work."" (Christopher J. Arthur and Geert Reuten : The Circulation of Capital. Essays on Volume Two of Marx's Capital. P. 7).The work is divided into three parts: The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits, The Turnover of Capital, The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital, and it is here that we find the main ideas behind the marketplace - how value and surplus-value are realized. Here, as opposed to volume 1 of ""The Capital"", the focus is on the money-owner and -lender, the wholesale-merchant, the trader and the entrepreneur, i.e. the ""functioning capitalist"", rather than worker and the industrialist. ""[i]t was here, in the final part of this book [i.e. vol. II of Das Kapital], that Marx introduced his ""Schemes of Reproduction"", which influenced both Marxian and orthodox economics in the first decades of the twentieth century."" (Arthur & Reuten p. 1).The first volume of ""Das Kapital"" was the only one to appear within Marx' life-time. It appeared 1867, followed by this second volume 18 years later, which Engels prepared from notes left by Karl Marx.
La vie de l'entreprise n° 35 - Introduction a l'économie d'entreprise - Les moyens de l'activité : le capital de l'entreprise, La nature du capital de l'entreprise, L'évaluation du capital, La structure du capital, Les buts de l'activité : la production
Dunod économie. 1969. In-12. Broché. Bon état, Couv. convenable, Dos satisfaisant, Intérieur frais. 121 pages.. . . . Classification Dewey : 658-Gestion des entreprises privées et publiques
Sommaire : Introduction a l'économie d'entreprise - Les moyens de l'activité : le capital de l'entreprise, La nature du capital de l'entreprise, L'évaluation du capital, La structure du capital, Les buts de l'activité : la production, La diversité des types de production, La fonction de production de l'entreprise Classification Dewey : 658-Gestion des entreprises privées et publiques
"MARX, KARL (+) GABRIEL DEVILLE (+) [TRANSLATOR:] CHRISTIAN RAKOVSKY (+) ED. BERNSTEIN (+) GEORGI PLEKHANOV
Reference : 57116
(1900)
Kapitalutu. [i.e. Bulgarian ""Das Kapital""] [Bound with]: Predpostavkit na sotsializma i zadachitu na sotsialnata demokratsiya [i.e. Bulgarian: ""The Preconditions of Socialism and the Tasks of Social Democracy""] (+) Marksovata Istoricheska Teoria [i.e... - [FIRST BULGARIAN EDITION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ABRIDGED VERSION OF ""THE CAPITAL""]
Varna, 1900. 8vo. In contemporary half calf with four raised bands to spine. Extremities with wear. Frontboard missing parts of cloth. Two bands on spine missing some of the leather. Verso of front free end paper with notes in contemporary hand and previous owner's name to title-page of all three works. A few occassional marginal lignings in pencil, otherwise internally good and clean. [Predpostavkit na sotsializma i zadachitu...:] XII, 257, (1), XIV pp. [Marksovata Istoricheska Teoria:] 86, (2) pp. [Kapitalutu:] IV, (5)-284 pp.
The exceedingly scarce first Bulgarian edition of the most important abridged version of Marx's Capital ever to have appeared, published five years before the first partial translation and whole 9 years before the first full Bulgarian translation. Translator Christian Rakovsky later became head of Soviet Ukraine and leader of the left opposition in the Soviet Union after 1928 was one of Trotsky's few intimate friends.""The epitome, here translated, was published in Paris, in 1883, by Gabriel Deville, possibly the most brilliant writer among the French Marxians. It is the most successful attempt yet made to popularize Marx's scientific economics. It is by no means free from difficulties, for the subject is essentially a complex and difficult subject, but there are no difficulties that reasonable attention and patience will not enable the average reader to overcome. There is no attempt at originality. The very words in most cases are Marx's own words, and Capital is followed so closely that the first twenty-five chapters correspond in subject and treatment with the first twenty-five chapters of Capital. Chapter XXVI corresponds in the main with Chapter XXVI of Capital, but also contains portions of chapter XXX. The last three chapters-XXVII, XXVIII, and XXIX-correspond to the last three chapters-XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII-of Capital."" (ROBERT RIVES LA MONTE, Intruductory Note to the 1899 English translation).Translator Christian Rakovsky dominated the socialist movement in the Balkans during the two decades before the first world war and was probably the most influential character in spread of socialism in Europe. Trotsky wrote of him: "" Ch.G. Rakovsky is, internationally, one of the best known figures in the European Socialist movement"" and G.D.H. Cole wrote in The Second International ""No other Socialist spans the Balkans in the same way as Rakovsky, nor is there any of comparable importance.""In 1913 Rakovsky was an organizer and leader of the Rumanian Socialist Party, which later joined the Communist International. The party was showing considerable growth. Rakovsky edited a daily paper, which he financed as well.""He received his initial education at Kotel. At the age of fourteen in a period when (as he says in his Autobiography in this volume) ""even the youngest students were passionately interested in politics"", he was excluded from all Bulgarian schools after organizing a school riot which it took a company of soldiers to suppress. After a year in his father's house, ""reading indiscriminately everything that came to hand"", he was readmitted to school, only to be expelled again after a year, this time for good. The occasion this time was his collaboration with his friend and mentor, E. Dabev, one of the veterans of the Bulgarian revolutionary movement. Dabev (1864-1946) edited the first marxist weekly in Bulgaria in 1886. He published in it Marx's Wage Labour and Capital. In 1890, already a marxist, Rakovsky aided Dabev in preparing the publication of Engels's Development of Scientific Socialism, in particular in adapting Vera Zasulich's introduction to Bulgarian conditions. In this final year in school Rakovsky also produced with a friend a clandestine newspaper called Zerkalo (""Mirror""), which his Autobiography describes as having ""something of everything: Rousseau's educational ideas, the struggle between rich and poor, the misdeeds of teachers, etc. ..."" He was now seventeen years old. That same year he left Bulgaria to study medicine in Geneva.""In Geneva in 1892 Rakovsky began to edit and publish the Bulgarian journal Social Democrat which, not only in its title but also in its contents, resembled the Russian journal. Jointly with his companion Savva Balabanov, and with the active collaboration of Plekhanov, Rakovsky continued the journal for two years. Social Democrat grouped around itself in Bulgaria the supporters of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Union. This group opposed itself to the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party founded in 1891 by Dimitar Blagoev who led the left wing of the movement and later, in 1919, the Bulgarian Communist Party and made the full translation of Das Kapital in 1909. (Fagan, Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky).OCLC list no copies.
