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"RUTHERFORD, E. (ERNEST) and T. ROYDS. - THE FINAL PROOF OF THE NATURE OF ALPHA-PARTICLES.
The Nature of the alpha Particle.
Manchester, 1909. 8vo. Contemp. full cloth. Orig. printed paper label on spine (a bit chipped). In: ""Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Phlosophical Society. (Manchester Memoirs.). Volume LIII. (1908-09). Entire volume offered. The volume contains 24 papers, all with seperate pagination. Rutherford's paper: pp. 1-3.
Reference : 46953
First printing of the paper which Rutherford and Royds gave the final proof that the alpha particle are atoms of helium. The present paper was read on November 3rd 1908 and published on the 19th. It was reprinted in Philosophical Magazine and that paper is dated November 13, 1908 and published February 1909.""After nearly a decade of labor, Rutherford was finally prepared to state... what the alpha particle really was ""We may conclude that an alpha-particle is a helium atom, or, to be more precise, the alpha-particle, after it has lost its positive charge, is a helium atom"". In a paper together with Royds, completed in November 1908, he was even more emphatic: ""We can conclude with certainty... that the alpha-particle is a helium atom... They had shown that a discharge sent through a volume in which alpha-particles from radium had been collected produced the characteristic helium spectrum !""(Pais ""Inward Bound"", p. 61).""Rutherford’s early conviction that the alpha particle was a doubly charged helium atom, but he had not succeeded in proving that belief. In 1908 he and Geiger were able to fire alpha particles into an evacuated tube containing a central, charged wire and to record single events. Ionization by collision, a process studied by Rutherford’s former colleague at Cambridge, J. S. E. Townsend, caused a magnification of the single particle’s charge sufficient to give the electrometer a measurable ""kick."" By this means they were able to count, for the first time accurately and directly, the number of alpha particles emitted per second from a gram of radium.This experiment enabled Rutherford and Geiger to confirm that every alpha particle causes a faint but discrete flash when it strikes a luminescent zinc sulfide screen, and thus led directly to the widespread method of scintillation counting. It was also the origin of the electrical and electronic methods of particle counting in which Geiger later pioneered. But at this time the scintillation technique, now proved reliable, was more convenient. This counting work also led Rutherford and Geiger to the most accurate value of the fundamental electric charge e before Millikan performed his oil-drop experiment. They measured the total charge from a radium source and divided it by the number of alphas counted to obtain the charge per particle. Since this figure was about twice the previous values of e. they concluded that the alpha was indeed helium with a double charge. But Rutherford still desired decisive, direct proof"" and here his skilled glassblower came to his aid. Otto Baumbach in 1908 was able to construct glass tubes thin enough to be transparent to the rapidly moving alpha particles yet capable of containing a gas. Such a tube was filled with emanation and was placed within a larger tube made of thicker glass. In time, alpha particles from the decaying emanation penetrated into and were trapped in the space between inner and outer tubes: and when ROYDS SPARKED THE MATERIAL IN THIS SPACE, THEY SAW THE SPECTRUM OF HELIUM."" (DSB).The volume contains 2 other importent papers by Rutherford 1. ""Some Properties of the Radium Emanations"" (issued Nov. 19th, 1908) and 2. together withY. Tuomikoski ""Differences in the Decay of the Radium Emanations"" (issued April 7th, 1909).
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1 book(s) with the same title
Birks (J.B.) on Ernest Rutherford - 1. Sir Ernest Marsden - Sir Charles Darwin - E.N. da C. Andrade - Niels Bohr - Arthur Schuster - H.R. Robinson - A.S. Russell - P.M.S. Blackett - T. Royds - H. Geiger - H.G.J. Mosley - A.A. Robb
Reference : 100678
(1962)
Rutherford at Manchester , (The nature of the alpha particle from radioactive substances, 1909 - On a diffuse reflection of the alpha particles, 1909 - The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom, 1911 - The laws of deflexion of alpha particles through large angles, 1913 - On the constitution of atoms and molecules, 1913 - The high frequency spectra of the elements - On the quantum theory of radiation and the structure of the atom, 1915 - Collision of alpha particles with light atoms, IV, an anomalous effect of nitrogen, 1919 - Papers published from the Physical Laboratories, University of Manchester, 1907-1919)
Heywood and Company, Ltd, London Malicorne sur Sarthe, 72, Pays de la Loire, France 1962 Book condition, Etat : Bon hardcover, editor's binding, under editor's printed blue dust-jacket, illustrated by a black and white photograph, Geiger and Rutherford In-8 1 vol. - 374 pages
1 portrait of Rutherford in frontispiece and 6 other plates with black and white photographs (complete) 1st edition, 1962 Contents, Chapitres : Contents, List of plates, Preface, Publisher's note, x, Text, 364 pages - 1. Sir Ernest Marsden : Rutherford at Manchester - Sir Charles Darwin : Moseley and the atomic numbers of the elements - E.N. da C. Andrade : Rutherford at Manchester, 1913-1914 - Niels Bohr : The general significance of the discovery of the atomic nucleus - Arthur Schuster : Correspondence between Ernest Rutherford and Sir Arthur Schuster - H.R. Robinson : Life and work of the year 1919, with personal reminiscences of the Manchester period - A.S. Russell : Lord Rutherford, Manchester,1907-1919, a partial portrait - P.M.S. Blackett : Memories of Rutherford - Niels Bohr : Reminiscences of the founder of the nuclear science and some developments based on his work - 2. REPRINTS of original papers : E. Rutherford and T. Royds : The nature of the alpha particle from radioactive substances, 1909 - H. Geiger and E. Marsden : On a diffuse reflection of the alpha particles, 1909 - E. Rutherford : The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom, 1911 - H. Geiger and E. Marsden : The laws of deflexion of alpha particles through large angles, 1913 - Niels Bohr : On the constitution of atoms and molecules, 1913 - H.G.J. Mosley : The high frequency spectra of the elements, I, 1913 and II, 1914 - Niels Bohr : On the quantum theory of radiation and the structure of the atom, 1915 - Sir E. Rutherford : Collision of alpha particles with light atoms, IV, an anomalous effect of nitrogen, 1919 - The publications of the late Lord Rutherford - Papers published from the Physical Laboratories, University of Manchester, 1907-1919 - Postscript : A.A. Robb : A alpha ray - En 1907, Ernest Rutherford obtient un poste de professeur à l'Université de Manchester, où il travaille avec Hans Geiger, avec qui il invente un compteur permettant de détecter les particules alpha émises par les substances radioactives (ébauche du futur compteur Geiger), car en ionisant le gaz qui se trouve dans l'appareil, elles produisent une décharge détectable. En 1908, avec un de ses étudiants, Thomas Royds, il prouve définitivement ce qu'on supposait, à savoir que les particules alpha sont bien des noyaux d'hélium. Ou plutôt, que les particules alpha sont des atomes d'hélium une fois débarrassés de leurs charges négatives. Pour le prouver, il isole la substance radioactive dans un matériau suffisamment mince pour que les particules alpha le traversent effectivement, mais pour que cela bloque toute « émanation » des éléments radioactifs, c'est-à-dire tout produit de la désintégration. Il recueille ensuite le gaz qui se trouve autour de la boîte qui contient les échantillons et analyse son spectre. Il y trouve alors une grande quantité d'hélium : les noyaux que sont les particules alpha ont récupéré des électrons disponibles. Il obtient la même année le prix Nobel de chimie « pour ses recherches touchant la désintégration des éléments [chimiques], et la chimie des substances radioactives2 ». Il en conserve cependant une certaine déception, car il se considère avant tout comme un physicien. Une de ses citations célèbres est : « La science, soit c'est de la physique, soit c'est de la philatélie », voulant sans doute signifier par là qu'il plaçait la physique au-dessus des autres sciences. C'est en 1911 qu'il fait sa plus grande contribution à la science en découvrant le noyau atomique. Il avait observé à Montréal qu'en bombardant une fine feuille de mica avec des particules alpha, on obtenait une déflexion de ces particules. Geiger et Marsden, refaisant de façon plus poussée ces expériences en utilisant une feuille d'or, avaient constaté que certaines particules alpha étaient déviées de plus de 90 degrés. Rutherford émet alors l'hypothèse qu'au centre de l'atome devait se trouver un « noyau » contenant presque toute la masse et toute la charge positive de l'atome, les électrons déterminant en fait la taille de l'atome. Geiger et Marsden vérifièrent par la suite ces conclusions par l'expérience. - Ce modèle planétaire avait été suggéré en 1904 par un Japonais, Hantaro Nagaoka, mais était passé inaperçu on y objectait que les électrons auraient dû rayonner en tournant autour du noyau central et donc y tomber. Les résultats de Rutherford montrèrent que ce modèle était sans doute le bon, puisqu'il permettait de prévoir avec exactitude le taux de diffusion des particules alpha en fonction de l'angle de diffusion et de la taille de l'atome. Les dernières objections théoriques sur le rayonnement de l'électron tombèrent avec le début de la théorie quantique et l'adaptation par Niels Bohr du modèle de Rutherford à la théorie de Planck, démontrant ainsi la stabilité de l'atome de Rutherford. (source : Wikipedia) very good condition, the dust-jacket is nearly complete, with a very small missing on the top of the bottom part, the top of the spine-end of the front part is lightly torn, few folding tracks on the boarder, no markings on the D.-J. but a light discoloration on the bottom of the spine, inside is clean, few library stamps, else inside is fine, no other markings, complete of all the plates
