‎Hoffman Alice Gibert Catherine‎
‎La prédiction‎

‎Prediction and Entropy of Printed English. (Contained in The Bell System Technical Journal, Volume XXX, No. 1, p.50-64.). - [FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF ""SHANNON ENTROPY"".]‎

‎(New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1951). 8vo. The complete issue in original blue printed wrappers. Pp. 50-64. [Entire volume: pp. 1-212.].‎

‎First edition of Shannon's famous article in which he measures the entropy rate of English text to be between 1.0 and 1.5 bits per letter, or as low as 0.6 to 1.3 bits per letter.""A new method of estimating the entropy and redundancy of a language is described. This method exploits the knowledge of the language statistics possessed by those who speak the language, and depends on experimental results in prediction of the next letter when the preceding text is known. Results of experiments in prediction are given, and some properties of an ideal predictor are developed."" (From the introduction to the present article).""Natural languages are highly redundant"" the number of intelligible fifty-letter English sentences is many fewer than 26*50, and the number of distinguishable ten-second phone conversations is far smaller than the number of sound signals that could be generated with frequencies up to 20.000 Hz. This immediately suggests a theory for signal compression. If you can recode the alphabet so that common sequences of letters and abbreviated, while infrequent combinations are spelled out in lengthy fashion, you can dramatically reduce the channel capacity needed to send the data."" (Sethna, Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters and Complexity, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 100). ‎

‎Prediction and Entropy of Printed English. (Manuscript received Sept. 15, 1950). - [FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF ""SHANNON ENTROPY"".]‎

‎(New York, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 1951). 8vo. Volume XXX, 1951 of The Bell System Technical Journal. Bound without the general title-page in a nice full green cloth. Library stamp to front free end-paper and first page of tables of contents. Very minor bumping to extremities. A tight and clean copy. Pp. 50-64. [Entire volume: 32, 1255 pp).‎

‎First edition of Shannon's famous article in which he measures the entropy rate of English text to be between 1.0 and 1.5 bits per letter, or as low as 0.6 to 1.3 bits per letter.""A new method of estimating the entropy and redundancy of a language is described. This method exploits the knowledge of the language statistics possessed by those who speak the language, and depends on experimental results in prediction of the next letter when the preceding text is known. Results of experiments in prediction are given, and some properties of an ideal predictor are developed."" (From the introduction to the present article).""Natural languages are highly redundant"" the number of intelligible fifty-letter English sentences is many fewer than 26*50, and the number of distinguishable ten-second phone conversations is far smaller than the number of sound signals that could be generated with frequencies up to 20.000 Hz. This immediately suggests a theory for signal compression. If you can recode the alphabet so that common sequences of letters and abbreviated, while infrequent combinations are spelled out in lengthy fashion, you can dramatically reduce the channel capacity needed to send the data."" (Sethna, Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters and Complexity, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 100). ‎

‎Quantized Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field. - [PREDICTION OF ANTI-MATTER]‎

‎London, Harrison and Sons, 1931. Royal8vo. Bound in contemporary full blue cloth with gilt lettering to spine. In ""Proceedings of the Royal Society"", Series A, Vol. 132 & 133, 1933. A very fine and clean copy. [Dirac in Vol 133:] Pp. 61-72. [Entire volume: V(1), 703-706, 701, (1), XIV, 695, IX pp.]‎

‎First printing of Dirac's seminal paper in which he predict anti-matter. ""The prediction and subsequent discovery of the positron rank among the great triumphs of modern physics"". (Pais, The Genius of Science). After Dirac in 1928 had published his famous relativistic wave equation for the electron, he spent the following years working on an interpretation of the negative energy solutions of the equation. In 1930 he published his hole-theory and tried to identify the holes with protons. But, as pointed out by several others, the theory required that these counter particles to the electron must have the same mass as the electron, and also would annihilate into pure energy upon colliding with the electron. In 1931 (in this article) Dirac bit the bullet and postulated: ""A hole, if there is one, would be a new kind of particle, unknown to experimental physics ... We may call such a particle an anti-electron ... Theory at present is quite unable to suggest a reason why there should be any differences between electron and protons"". Thus, Dirac had predicted the existance of both the positron and antiproton. ""Dirac was one of the greatest theoretical physicists in the twentieth century. He is best known for his important and elegant contributions to the formulation of quantum mechanics" for his quantum theory of the emission and absorption of radiation, which inaugurated quantum electrodynamics for his relativistic equation of the electron" for his ""prediction"" of the positron and of antimatter"" and for his ""large number hypothesis"" in cosmology. Not only his results but also his methods influenced the way much of theoretical physics is done today, extending or improving the mathematical formalism before looking for its systematic interpretation."" (DSB).In 1932 C. D. Anderson produced positrons in cloud chambers exposed to radiation. Antiprotons were observed in 1954 by E. G. Segrè and O. Chanberlain.‎

‎I.Klein Weather Prediction. 1909./I.Kleyn Predskazanie pogody. 1909 god.‎

‎I.Klein Weather Prediction. 1909./I.Kleyn Predskazanie pogody. 1909 god. Publishing house of the Bulletin of Knowledge. St. Petersburg, 1909. With the appendix of Professor V.A. Michelson. Brief meteorological catechism. Translation with modifications and additions on Voeykov, Lyuboslavsky. A.Nikolaev. Edited by V.V. Bitner. With many drawings. Hermann Josef Klein (1844-1914): German astronomer and meteorologist. We have thousands of titles and often several copies of each title may be available. Please feel free to contact us for a detailed description of the copies available. SKUbd-607b80867224abf4.‎

‎R. Sarif Ismon. Fatal Prediction. A Twentieth Century Foreign Novel./R. Sarif ‎

‎R. Sarif Ismon. Fatal Prediction. A Twentieth Century Foreign Novel./R. Sarif Ismon. Rokovoe predskazanie. Zarubezhnyy roman KhKh veka. M. Art Literature. 1977. 224 p. We have thousands of titles and often several copies of each title may be available. Please feel free to contact us for a detailed description of the copies available. SKUbd-b385a83c6d3866c5.‎